The Iron Age 1880-08-12: Vol 26 Iss 7

~ ww ra The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by DAVID WILLIAMS, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Vol. XXVI: No. 7. New York, Thursday, August 12, 1880. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. $4.50 a Year, Including Postage. Single Copies, Ten Cents. The Weimer Blast Furnace Charging Apparatus. During his first visit to the United States Mr. I. Lowthian Bell was credited with making a comparison of English and Ameri- can blast-furnace practice, to the effect that, while the average American furnace manager sat at the hearth watching how much money came out of the tap-hole, the average English ironmaster stood at the tunnel head to see how much money was put into the furnace. Since that time considerable advance has been made in blast-furnace practice, and the records of superior yields and remarkable fuel consumptions have drawn attention to the management of our American furnaces. The importance of the condition of the stock charged and the way it is charged is not, however, as generally appreciated as it should be. It is natural to presume that if the material which enters the furnace is not thoroughly prepared so as to most readil perform its functions in its passage thoengh the furnace, this deficiency must be com- pensated for in an increased consumption of fuel, or the working of the furnace must be affected by the irregularities of the stock. Even if well prepared, it is essential that the stock be charged into the furnace in as regular and uniform a manner as possible to secure economic and satisfactory operation. Probably not one of the appliances used in operating blast furnaces has done as much plate, C, which hangs from a double wrought- iron beam counterweighted at the other end. This disk slides on the bell rod, which, acting as a guide, brings it to a proper seat. It is raised or lowered by means of a knuckle-jointed operating rod. The opera- tion of the apparatus will be readily under- stood by referring to our illustrations. When the bell has been charged and is to be lowered, the knuckle-jointed rod is brought into a nearly vertical position, throwing up the weighted end of the lever, and bringing the disk or seal-cover C down so as to close the opening in the covering ring ; the bell can then be dropped, and, as the top is closed, no gas can escape, thus maintaining a regular flow from the furnace and pre- venting the large waste which of necessity occurs from numerous charges. When the bell is closed against the lip ring the seal cover is raised by bending the operating rod, and the hopper is ready for the next charge, the only loss of gas being the vol- ume equal to the contents of the hopper. The operating rod, when straight, acts as a brace to hold the seal-cover to its seat ; but its joints will give when jars such as explo- sions occur. The center-drop and seal-cover can be | |used in connection with the ordinary means |of operating the bell-lever, by hand, steam, | |compressed air or water; but Mr. Weimer | |has combined with his charging arrange- | ment a friction winch, D, operating a rack | and pinion. The bell being closely counter- | made from such iron. M. Tresca finds that the limit of elasticity for a given bar may be extended in proportion to the strain to which it had been previously submitted, and that the elastic limit may be pushed almost to the point of rupture without the coefficient of elasticity having varied in any perceptible degree. The metal, when it comes from the workshops, is in a state of instability, which disappears only by use; it becomes, by means of the actions to which it is suc- cessively submitted in its employment, more homogeneous and more elastic, but at the same time a little more flexible. I SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL, Herr Carl Mann describes a method for producing brilliant METALLIC DEPOSITS ON GLASS as follows, his object being to substitute the cheapest sulphides of antimony and Jead for silver: When nitric acid is added to a con centrated aqueous solution of tartar emetic solution as long as a precipitate is produced, then filtered, and the precipitate stirred into fresh water, the liquid formed is essentially a basic nitrate of antimony in suspension. On diluting a portion of this milky liquid and boiling, the precipitate dissolves in the hot and acid liquid. If a little of this hot solution is poured into a hollow glass vessel and cooled as rapidly as possible by shaking to obtain these results as the bell and balanced on the outer end of the beam, re-| or holding it under running water, the liquid Fig. 1.—Perspective hopper, for, while it performs a very valu- able duty in giving the manager a thorough control over his gases and prevents a a serious waste, it fulfils an equally, if not more, important mission as » diavibeter of the stock placed upon it. The size of the bell of a blast furnace, therefore, exerts a material influence on the operation of the plant. To secure a thorough distribution of the stock from a bell, the materials should lay on it so as to have a uniform flow from off the surface ; this can only be obtained by placing the stock on the bell with all the regularity possible. ferent points around the hopper, and scatter- ing the charge by hand tools is not, there- fore, entirely satisfactory. Recognizing the risk rising from dependence upon manual labor in any process, Mr. P. L. Weimer, of Lebanon, Pa., who has made his name | familiar to blast-furnace managers and proprietors by his engineering practice gnd inventive skill in blast-furnace construction, has designed and patented the apparatus illustrated. The aims pursued are to so dump the stock on the bell as to secure uni- formity in the layers of material, to close the tunnel head and keep up a regular sup- ply of gas to the hot ovens and boilers while the bell is being dro d. In place of the ordinary hopper sat ie ring made of cast iron, Mr. Weimer constructs his hopper, A, | of ordinary red brick, the walls being per- pendicular and set back from the line of in- walls so, that a cast-iron lip ring can pass into it and rest upon and secured to a cast-iron ring plate walled intothe masonry, | the bell closing against the lip ring in the usual manner. This brick hopper is covered by a circular plate having an opening smaller than the diameter of the hopper, and this opening can be closed by a disk or The practice of dumping at dif-, View of Weimer’s Charging Apparatus THE WEIMER quires but little power to raise it against the lip ring when empty, and the loaded bell can be permitted to descend at any speed desired by means of the friction brake. As there are no chances for damage to the apparatus, unskilled labor cannot interfere with the operation of it; and as the center drop is so proportioned that the stock falls from the Ceeet on the apex of the bell, thus insuring equal distribution, this im- portant duty is not left to the top filler. That Mr. Weimer has appreciated the amount of value lost by opening the tunnel head every time the bell was dropped, is evi- dent from his former arrangement of coni- cal cover and sliding charging doors illus- trated and described in a former issue of The Iron Age. This apparatus, though more complex and expensive than that which we at present illustrate, has been in use since 1875, giving satisfactory results; and the improved arrangement has, we understand, been most favorably received, and produced marked economies in furnace practice. Some forty furnaces at present are provided | with Mr. Weimer’s tunnel-head improve- ments, and they are employed in plants using anthracite, coke, raw bituminous coal and charcoal, scattered through six States. Their application does not, therefore, appear to be restricted to any particular class of furnaces. SE = Deflection of Iron and Steel Rails,— In the Comptes Rendus of the Paris Society | of Civil Engineers is a paper by M: Tresca, giving the results of some experiments on the deflection of iron and steel rails between the limits of elasticity and rupture. They show that, for these two metals of ordinary |commercial character, the coefficient of elasticity is nearly the same, thus confirming | certain special experiments in 1857 and 1859 upon Swedish iron and cementation steel Y) — % V2 Up “tip A, , Laz LL pee TT ii i | AA Hi} HH Wj) HH it TL ri have been made, notably in Germany, to introduce GAS FIRING for heating the retorts of gas works. Among the systems which have gained a recognition not only in Germany, but in England and in France, is that of Herr Georg Liegel, of Stralsund. As yet it has been principally applied in gas works, but from statements made some time since by the inventor before a Berlin technical society, it appears that very good results have been obtained, also, in generating steam, It is claimed by him that he has evaporated as much as 12 pounds of water per pound of fuel. From a paper read by Mr. G. E. Stevenson, of Peter- borough, before the British Association of Gag Managers, we take the following de- scr@ption ; At the bottom of the furnace is a narrow aperture or slit for the admission of air, and immediately above the slit the furnace spreads out to a width much greater than that of an ordinary furnace. From the point of extreme width the furnace di- | minishes upward, the courses of brickwork being set over gradually as the furnace ascends. The front part of the furnace is brought forward below the ground level, and formed into a kind of sack, into which the fuel is tipped through an opening in the floor. This part of the furnace is partially divided from the portion beneath the retorts by an arch, which supports the front wall of | At the top of the furnace, on | the setting. either side, are the channels delivering the secondary air supply from fiues constructed | Lo of the slit is assisted by the fireman with a light hook, which, being drawn along the slit, removes the semi-melted slag clinging to it. Beyond this no cleaning of the fire is required, A tunnel is constructed beneath the retort house floor for the purpose of ap- proaching the furnace, and for removing the clinker and ashes. At Chelsea, Delaware county, Pa., is a mine, the Emma, from which garnet rock is mined for use as A SUBSTITUTE The Engineering and Mining Journal states that the garnet is at present mainly used by Messrs. H. Behr & Co., of this city, in mak ing ‘‘ruby paper.” It is stated that wheels have been made, and have proved quite suc cessful in an experimental way. In the Annales de Chimie et de Physique M. Dieulafait reports THE PRESENCE OF COPPER IN PLANTS which grow on rocks belonging to the older geological formations. He says that plants growing in soil formed by the decomposition of primitive rocks contain such quantities of copper that it is possible to detect the copper FOR EMERY. ‘in one grain of their ash by means of am- monia, Fouqué and Lévy note in the Comptes Rendus of the French Academy of Sciences A PECULIAR OCCURRENCE OF DIAMONDS. Between Kimberley and Waal, in South Africa, are rocks resembling serpentines and some opals, which are looked upon as Fig. 2.—Section of Weimer’s Charging Apparatus. BRICK HOPPER AND CENTER DROP CHARGING APPARATUS, becomes milky and deposits a very thin film of the antimony salt on the sides of the glass. On washing it out with cold water and passing sulphuretted hydrogen gas into it, or pouring in a solution of the gas, the glass appears of a uniform faint yellow color ; the sulphide of antimony formed ad- heres very firmly to the sides of the glass after washing and drying. By repeating this procedure several times, the film can be increased very considerably within certain limits. Such glasses appear of a beautiful golden color, with a green reflection. If sulphuretted hydrogen gas be passed into an aqueous solution of oxide of lead in an excess ot metaphosphoric acid, a portion of the sul- phide of teal will, under proper conditions, adhere firmly to the sides of the vessel in which it is precipitated. The vessel will then have different metallic colors by re- flected light, according to the thickness of the film, and darker when thicker. By transmitved light such a glass hasa yellow ish-brown color. The lead solution may be prepared by dissolving 1 part phosphoric acid in 4 parts of water ; also a second so- lution of I part sugar of lead in 20 parts of water, and a third of a strong decoction of |saponaria, Or an aqueous emulsion of an ethereal oil, such as turpentine. Tocovera glass ball with this lead film, three volumes of the phosphoric acid solution are poured into the ball, then four or five of the lead solution, and as much of the saponine solu- tion. The total quantity of the liquid must | be sufficient to easily cover the interior on tipping it slightly. If a thin film of the anti | mony be deposited first, the lead film ad- heres better. The sulphuretted hydrogen gas is passed in, and the vessel kept mov- ing, to bring it in contact with every part of the glass. It is afterward washed and dried. For some time strong and successful efforts | the same from the slit blocks, beneath the bottom retorts. The currents of air pass backward and forward along these flues, and become warmed by the heat from the bottom retort flues immediately above them. It is, however, not absolutely necessary to heat the air in the Liegel fur- nace, because the combustible gases, never having left the proximity of the furnace, do not require to be ignited afresh, as in the case of the Siemens furnaces. The slit at the bottom of the furnace is formed by large fire-clay blocks built into either side of the furnace. Below the slit the blocks recede rapidly from the center line, and beneath the slit a small fire grate is constructed, the sides of which are formed so as to leave air spaces between them and the under sides of the main slit blocks, the purpose of which is to cool the latter and prevent them from fusing with the heat of the furnaee. The peculiar construction of this part of the furnace is designed to obviate the necessity of clinkering. The intensity of the combus- tion immediately above the slit is such that the slag runs out of the furnace in a melted condition, and does not clinker and stop up the slit. It is, however, necessary to control the fusibility of the slag. If the slag melts too quickly and leaves the furnace blocks clean, the latter cannot long resist the great heat to which they are exposed. Liegel has discovered that if the slag be maintained in a semi-melted or viscous condition, it will, by spreading in a thin layer over the brick- work, protect it from the action of the fire. The draft in the furnace must therefore be regulated to attain this object, and to assist in controlling the fusibility of the slag the small fire-grate is inserted beneath the slit, and upon this a fire must be maintained (fed with breeze falling through the slit) of such proportions as may be found necessary for the requisite melting of the slag and freeing The clearing | the products of metamorphism of younger dolerites und other rocks of the diorite group, similar to those found in the Pyre- 'nees. In thin sections of these opals minute diamonds have been found. They were recognized as such by their power of refrac tory light and by their hardness. Messrs. Sugg and Clark, well-known Eng lish gas engineers, have suggested a method for ENRICHING COAL GAS They propose to pass the poor coal gas after purification, or before any deposit of the naphthaline takes place, over the surface of a liquid hydrocarbon, contained in a suit able vessel inclosed in a jacket and heated to about 60 or 70 degrees by means of hot water. The gas, in its passage over the hydrocarbon, takes up the vapor which is given off, and it isthen conducted by suit able pipes toa retort and heated to about goo degrees, by which means the hydrocar- bons are fixed, so that there is no danger of condensation. It is stated that the gas so treated is capable of being subjected to very low temperatures, and also to compression of from 70 to 80 lbs. per square iiich without any practical loss of its illuminating power. ———— Judge Wallace, of the United States Cir cuit Court, Northern District of New York, has, in a suit of Wisner vs. Grant, decided that certain claims of a reissued patent granted to William H. Field, Nov. 5, 1878, for an improvement in horse hay rakes, was anticipated by the patent granted H. W. Sabin, Dec. 3, 1850. In meteoric iron from Cleburne County, Ala., Mr. J. B. Mackintosh has found g1.608 per cent. of iron, 7.368 per cent. of nickel, 0.50 per cent. of cobalt, and 0.170 per cent lof phosphorus. A ti ore oe Se S ae eee a A == > eA cu. 3. oe Se eo, Gee 2 oe : iP a — , a. 2 THE IRON AGE: juectals. sis IB, | _ Hictals. FActals. 9 SAlive, exe. ANSONIA ) ThePlume & Atwood BRASS & COPPER CO., No. 19 Cliff Street, Phelps Building, NEW YORK. Mfg. Company, MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, PHILIP L. MOEN, President & Treasurer. CHARLES F. WASHBURN, Vice President & Seoretary. Washburn & Moen Mfg. Co. Established, 1831. Capital, $1,500,000 WORCESTER, MASS. WIRE DRAWERS. Patent Galvanizing, Rolling and Tempering, MANUFACTURERS OF TRON, AND IRON AND STEEL WIRE. Of Every Description. MANUFACTURERS OF 7 BRASS AND COPPER|Waterbury Brass Co. rv CAPITAL, - - $400,000. Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c. G ' gt Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, erman Silver and Gilding Metal, Seamless Brass & Copper CERMAN SILVER, Tuabing. Copper Rivets and Burs, Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, Kerosene Burners, Ansonia Corrugated Stove Platforms. PURE COPPER WIRE COPPER RIVETS & BURS, Lamp Trimmings, &c. BRASS KETTLES, For Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered. Prospher Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c. Door Rail, Brass Tags, ANSONIA yf REFINED PERCUSSION CAPS, ___INCGOT COPPER. POWDER FLASKS, Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, &e. And small Brass Wares of every Description. ——_ Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. PHELPS, DODGE & CO. IMPORTERS OF TIN PLATE, ROOFING PLATE, Sole Agents for the Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Sport- Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, Zine, &c. ing Goods and Wood’s Paper MANUFACTURERS OF COPPER AND BRASS. DEPOTS: NEW YORK. 80 Chambers Street, New York. 13 Federal Street, Boston. 109 Lake Street, Chicago. Rolling Mill, | THOMASTON, Ct.| WATERBURY, Ct. Bridgeport Brass Co., MANUFACTURERS OF Factories, A SPECIALTY MADE OF GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WI RE, GALVANIZED TELEPHONE WIRE, PATENT STEEL WIRE BALE TI ES, PATENT STEEL BARB FENCING, AND PUMP CHAIN. NEW YORK OFFICE: ST. LOUIS WAREHOUSE: 21 Cliff St, 802 No. Second St. Milles At WATERBURY, Conn, Sheet and Roll Brass, Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, German Silver Metal and Wire, Copper and Iron Rivets, OILERS and CUSPADORES, | LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, Clocks & Fly Fan Movements. | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS. Particular attention paid to cutting out Blanks and manufacturing Metal Goods. MANUFACTORY, Bridgeport, Conn. 296 Broadway, New York, 189 Eddy St., Providence, R. I. Manhattan Brass Co., Manufacturers of Olmsted Patent Oilers, Prior Patent Oilers Broughton Patent Oilers, Copper Rivets, Brass, Tin & Zinc Oilers, Brass Tubing, Brass Butt Hinges, Zinc Tubing, Hurricane Lanterns, Brown’s Patent Pictare Hooks, Fire Sets, Fenders, &c. | """_" ern BRASS BLANKS AND TuBEs| Harrison Wire Company, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION TO ORDER. OFFICE AND WORKS, ST. LOUIS, M0. Ist Ave., 27th to 28th Sts,, New York, | 7.5. w, Fircn, THE NEW HAVEN' COPPER CO., CHICAGO WAREHOUSE: 107 Lake St. Sheet Brass, Brass Wire, Copper Wire, CLIFF STREET, SCOVILL MFC CO —~>——_—— BRASS, HINCES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. WAREHOUSE, SSO 19 Murray St., N. ¥. CORRES EIR ¥ = t/ (/ AV CROO My rT i PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BUTTONS, CLOTH AND METAL. mee DEPOTS, FACTORIES, CuHas. FisH, Secretary. MANUFACTURERS OF All kinds of isibecimese totes Nora Gom,| 265 Pearl Street, New Vork. | IRON & STEEL WIRE ey 183 Lake St.. Chicago. New York City, Manufacturers of and Dealers in DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO., Importers of Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Cooper, Wire, Zinc; Etc. 29 & 31 Cliff St., cor. Fulton, DICKERSON & CO., Liverpool. NEW Yor=. AND Braziers’ & Sheathing| wire mu specialties. COPPER. Holmes, Booth & Haydens, Kettle Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, Rivets, WATERBURY, CONN. NEW YORK, BOSTON, Ingot Copper, Spelter, Solder, &c. | 49 cnambers st. 18 Federal St. Incorporated 1876. Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York. FIOWARD co MORSE, Manufacturers of Locomotive Spark Wire Cloth, Iron Wire Bolting Cloth, Ship and Railroad Lanterns, Signal Lights, Conductor’s Lantern ADJUSTABLE GLOBE HAND LANTERN, Desk and Office Railing, Riddles, Coal and Sand Fenders and Saal Guards, ( rammentel Wire Fences en” Bann msocturess of oll kinds of Established 1837. Brass, Copper & German Silver, WAT E a B U RY vi F C. Cc O., i eb AND IN SHEETS. = ba ROE 6 Li NC’S New York Office WATERBURY, CONN. BRASS & COPPER WIRE, " et AND TRENTON, j Warehouse Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. BRASS & IRON ~ JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. German Silver Spoons, SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, Kerosene Burners, &c. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, SER See a; 117 Liberty Street THE JOHN A, ROEBLING’S SONS CO,, MANUFACTURERS OF WIRE ROPE GALVANIZED Iron, Steel and Copper Telegraph Wire, Hotesting Purposes ot an| Market Wire, BRASS GOODS. A. C. NORTHROP, Waterbury, Conn., NOVELTIES IN BRASS AND OTHER METAL GOODS Iron and Steel WIRE Agents for FOR HARDWARE TRADE. Brooklyn Brass and Copper Co.; ~ ing Baal se a Vi d Wi Market Wire, Fence Wire Deal Pp ng; ords, Bridge Wire, Chain Wire ers 1n Lightning Reds, &0., &¢. ineyar ire. , ° Buckle Wire, Spring Wire, Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &e., &c. GALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. IRON AND STEEL WIRE ROPE For Hoisting, Running & Standing Ropes, Ferries, &c. CONSTANTLY KEPT ON HAND. Address, HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesharre, Luzerne Co., Pa. FELTEN & GUILLEAUME, Carlswerk, near Cologne, Germany. PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, For Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and Bridge Cables SIEMENS-MARTIN AND BESSEMER STEEL WIRE, Flusseisen, Swedish and German Charcoal Wire. GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE Wrought Iron and Brass Machine Screws; Turned Hezagon, Round and Square Head Cap and Set Screws; Brass and Iron Safety ana Jack Chain; Glit, Nickel Plated and Bronze Trimmings of all kinds. from Sheet Iron, Steel or Brass. : Estimates on patented articles, or any description of Sheet Metal work, respectfully solicited and promptly given. — Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, Antimony, Solder & Old Metals. 100 John Street, N. Y. PASSAIC ZINC CO. Manufacturers of Pure Spelter FOR Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes AND ALL FINE WORK. Also for Galvanizers & Brass Founders. MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents 113 Liberty Street, N. Y. Geo. W. Prentiss & Co., ABRAM 8S. HEWITT, President JAMES HALL, Treasurer. WM. HEWITT, Vice President. 7 E. HANSON, Secretary. TRENTON IRON COMPANY, (INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, NEW JERSEY, MANUFACTURERS [RON and STEELWIRE OF ALL CRADES, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED; Iron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal Iron Wire; : : ; » HOLYOKE, MASS., of Charcoal and Swedish Iron and Steel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths. Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. hdc: ee GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths. j R Oo Ni For Plain, Barb and Strand Fencing, 3, ond r-ply Gtrand, Staples, &c. Annealed and Oiled Fencing a Represented ia New York by COOPER, HEWITT & CO., 17 Burling Slip. WIRE ROPE: OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the German and Foreign governments. The oldest house in the braneh on the Con tinent. Welegraph Address, CAKLSWERK, COLOGNE. General Agents for U. 8. and Canada, PERKINS & CHOATE, 23 Nassau St, N, Y, “BRODERICK & BASCOM, MANUFACTURERS OF as Bright, © Plated. =-5 _~— — a Annealed and Tin SCREW WIRE. IRON oppered AT, GUN Ornamental Wire Works. IUFUR & CO., No. 36 North Howard &t., Baltimore. Manufacture WIRE RAILING for Cemeteries, Balco WIRE ROPE. The Schoenberg Metal Mg. Co, | 4+ WOOL GRISWOLD, 'f:aegaj WIRE RAILING SOLDER, TYPE, (Stereotype, Electrotype and Babbitt Metals, Importers of Block Tin, Antimony, &c. Refiners of S z rice paid for Oid Metals WiRKE, iter. &c , a, &c,: Sieves, Fenders, Cages, Sand ana Cool Lead, Spelter, &c. Highest y nen zc, " : ages, and Coa and ali kinds or Dross. §28 ana 530 East 20th reens, Woven Wire, Iron Bedsteads Chairs treet, between Avenues A & B, New York. TROY, N. ¥, | Retteos, ac. August 12, 1880, NATIONAL WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS, Brass, Copper and Iron WIRE CLOTH, S. H, P/ Shipping, Insur No. 29 PEC Goods recei the world. In furnished, and of merchandis to at a saving j work effectual! freight collecte Guaranteed (wl estination, co Solicited, THI IRON &. Ww A general asso} 8 kept on ha: made promptly. W. E. C. COXx1 S. W. INGERS F. P. HOWE, MOSES Gi wi METALS And all k We in R. SEL Dealer in Tin Piate, s! SAI H, tern sery Ice reet eel Wire Wire, Wire, encing e Con . G ks. re. Balco Coal Sbairs August 12, 1880. THE IRON AG | oxide | Koch, CARD & ROBIN, 0th corrosion of tron and sto Manufacturers of and its Prevention.* STEEL WIRE for all purposes and STEEL SPRINGS of every description. ia Mee Cp) - rn 1e antagonism which nature often shows | to the artificial productions of man is in no instance so strongly evinced as in that of the natura! oxidation or corrosion of iron. By means of fusion man reduces the oxides of |metals te a metallic state, and nature at rk to destroy the metallic con process of oxidation, Accord at the great Etruscan iron the work of mining the ore was car }ried on so vigorously that has been roughly estimated at The immense output of iron was principally smelted in Tuscany. ‘The magnitude of the | operations will be understood by the fact | that for upward of 100 miles along the coast of Tuscany masses of foundry slag WRarket stee: Wire, Urimneiine Wire, tempered and covered, and characteristic specular iron ore are to be Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand. found in abundance. Where are the remains 234, 236 and 238 West 29th Street, - ° ° ° - NEW YORK.|of these immense metallic productions ? mummmmer | Nature has long ere this reduced them to YALE LOCK MANUFACTURING CO. |! Srsc{c.c%S once sets to we dition by the ing to Simonin, 0. LINDEMANN & (C0., Patentees and Sole Manufacturers of Spring Brackets for Bird Cages, he largest variety of | Bird mines the débris alone 100,000 tons. 4 < 3 > NS S Ss S S bs S . > b> And manufacturers Japanned, Brass and din-Plated Cages in this Country. Catalogues furnished to the trade. 254 Pearl Street, New York. LAL AAA LLELLAAAGAL ALLL LEE scorle, that small specimens of metallic iron have been found in Italy, Egypt, Greece and ; s a a fee : Assyria ; and these rare specimens serve to New Illustrated Catalogue and Price List No. 7 ready for distribution to the trade. prove that iron was in common use among the ancients for domestic and religious pur- poses. While less oxidizable relics, such as those formed of alloys of lead, tin and cop- per, can be found in abundance, the iron articles have all but disappeared. Only late- ly the art world learned with regret that the famous facade of St. Mark’s, Venice, which was built about 1350, was threatened with destruction, owing to the corrosion of the iron ties and bands which held the sculptured masonry together. The author has received from the Inspector of Public Buildings at Venice, a full account of the destructive agencies which are at work on this beautiful church, together with particulars of the cor- roded iron, from which it appears that the inevitable ruin has been brought about by that most fatal form of false construction— dependance upon unprotected oxidizable metals, The subject of the decay of that most im- portant element of construction, iron, was for a quarter of a century from the com- mencement of this age of iron all but ig- nored, and the British Association has earned the thanks of the engineering world for its instigation of an exhaustive series of researches and experiments relative to this subject, which, at the request of the asso- ciation, Were carried out by Mr. Mallet, M. 1. C. E., in 1843. Since the date of the publication of these researches many inven- tions have been brought out and experi- ments been made bearing more or less di- rectly upon the question of corrosion. When we consider the result of the snapping of a sus- pension-bridge link or girder, or the explosion of a boiler, all of which are probably results of corrosion, an idea may be formed of the immense importance of the subject. The corrosion of boiler plates is by far the most prolific in causing disastrous results. For the thirteen years ending 1878 there have occurred in the United Kingdom as many as 646 boiler explosions, killing 824 persons and injuring 1261 others. Twenty per cent £ these explosions were distinctly traceable to internal or external corrosion of boiler plates. Sufficient time has not yet elapsed since the beginning of the iron age for corrosion to have produced very much effect upon our numerous adaptations of iron to structural purposes ; but corrosion is steadily at work, more particularly in railway bridges, which are subject to the sulphurous emanations and other products of combustion from loco- motives; and in a century or so many of the iron structures already erected will probably have disappeared. The subject of corrosion is therefore of paramount interest to the engineer, affecting, as it does, the per- manence of his work. PART I. The chemical actions which take place dur- SALESROOMS : 563 CHAMBERS sST., NEW YORK. 506 COMMERCE ST., PHILADELPHIA. 36 PEARL STREET, BOSTON. G4 LAKE STREET, CHICAGO. BROWN & BROTHERS, Stanley Rule & Level Co. MANUFACTURERS OF improved 5 Carpenters 29 Chambers St., Tools. New York, Manufacturers of Bailey’s Patent Adjustable Planes. General Agents for the sale of Leonard Bailey & Co.'s ** Victor Planes,” N fanufacturers of 6 Defiance ” Patent Adjustable Planes, Office and Works, STAMFORD, CONN. FACTORIES New Britain, Conn, WAREROOMS, 81 Chambers St., N. Y. Waterbury, Conn. | Manufacturers of BRASS, COPPER AND GERMAN SILVER, In Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, Rivets and Burs, Etc. ALSO, Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER HOUSE BOILERS, warranted to stand 200 Ibs. pressure and guaranteed against vacuum. This Advertisement is Changed Every Week. D. G. GAUTIER, Chairman. AUTIER STEEL CO, LIMITED. STEEL, WIRE and SPRINCS. D, J. MORRELL, Treasurer, CHAS. DOUGLASS, Gen’! Supt. PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SHANK, SILVEK-PLATED, FLAT TABLE WARE, in rich Cesigns. GERMAN SILVER ‘SPOONS A AND FORKS. POPE, COLE & Co. BALTIMORE COPPER WORKS, No. 57 South Gay St., BALTIMONE, MD., Have always on hand and for sale INGOT COPPER, Also Cakes, © of unequalled pur purity aad toughness. Wrought lron Fence, Our specialty. Also | Crestings, Finials and | Vanes; Stable Fixtures, Hitching Posts, Door and Window Guards, WORKS, JOHNSTOWN, PENN. Eastern Warehouse, 93 John St., N. Y.; Phila, Warehouse, 505 Commerce St. WIiILLIA M VOGEL, Wrought Iron Grat- ing the process of oxidation.—In the ordi- ings, &c. Address Manufacturer of Plain and Stamped oa sealees of corrosion, oxygen forms with iron two combinations, the first of these oe” TINWARE, SEAMLESS BOXES, ROUND, OVAL AND SQUARE CANS. being the protoxide FeO, commonly known Special Articles Manufactured of Sheet Metals. as yellow rust, and which is non-magnetic. J, H. VAN DORN, | 41, 43 & 45 South 9th Street, Near the Ferries, BROOKLYN (E. D.), N. Y. ‘his oxide is further converted into the . HENRY J.VOGRL. second form of oxide, the sesquioxide, or Proprietor, — LOUIS H- VOGEL. Tred rust, Fe,0;—which is only slightly CLEVELAND, magnetic. The protoxide and sesquioxide combine in two proportions: (1) as Fe,O,; + FeO, known as magnetic oxide, and (2) as Fe.Os +- OFeO, or forge scales. Both these vari- eties are highly magnetic. Various com- pounds are formed in largely differing __ atl 2 Ohio, U. 8. A. S, H. H. PAYNE, Freight Broker, Shipping, Insurance, Custom House & Forwarding Agent, MOULDING SAND. Ti SAND AND CLAS. | © We. 39 PECK SLIP NEW YORE, U. 8. 4. A periods of time, according to the temper- Goods received for re-shipment to all parts of | 8 atures and the presence, separately and jh g ani all matters relative to Exportation conjointly, of water, carbonic acid and ammonia. of merchandise carefully and pos ptly attended to ata saving in Freight and Terminal charges Entries of Goods made and all Custom House work effectually done. Claims for overcharges of | freight collected free of charge. Rates of freight | uaranteed (when desired) in starting point to destination, covering all charges. Correspondence | solicited A polished-iron cross was fixed for twelve months on the summit of Monte Rosa, in the Alps, without indicating any signs of corro- sion. ‘This result was owing, no doubt, to the dryness of the air, and to the low index of carbonic acid which is usually character- istic of air at high altitudes. According to Berthier, atmospheric air, when heated to redness, rapidly decomposes iron, producing Fe,0; + 4FeO; and this statement is cor- roborated by Nosander. These results have recently been practically confirmed by the experiments of Mr. George Bower, of St. Neots, who from atmospheric air heated to 200° F. obtained magnetic oxide. Accord ing to Mr. G. R. Tweedie, it was ascertained, during the time the experiments with the air process were being carried out, that magnetic oxide was formed by the oxygen of the air combining with the carbon of the iron, forming carbonic dioxide, which in presence of the heated iron was split up, a cording to the well-known reaction 4CO, + Fe, = Fe,;0*-+ 4CO. This latter theory is certainly novel. Pure water, if free from air, does not, ata temperature below 212” F., oxidizeiron. This is proved by the experiments of Marshall Hall, Calvert and Westrumb. Water heated to a temperature of from 500° to 1500° F.. instantly oxidizes iron, owing, ac- cording to Robiquet, to the decomposition of the water producing magnetic oxide, Fe,Os FOUNDRY FACINGS, Shovels, Riddles, Brushes, &c. WHITEHEAD BROS, _AMERICAN FACING CO. THE MONTOUR IRON é STEEL COMPART, Vorks at Danville, Pa RAILS —@ AND PIC IRON. A general assortment of Mine and Narrow-Gauge 8 kept on hand, from which shipments can made promptly. W,. E. C. COXE, President, Reading, Pa. S. W. INGERSOLI, Treas., Philadelphia, Pa. F. P. HOWs, General Supt., Danville, Pa. MOSES GOLDSMITH & SON, Key Box 156, CHARLESTON, S&S. C. Wholesale dealers in METALS, IRON, RACS, And all kinds of Paper Stock, WM. WHITEHEAD, Treas., 517 W. 15th St. New York, Established 1810, N 7 CO, PHILADELPHIA, Manufacturers, Importers and Dealers in ODD AND REGULAR SIZES TIN & ROOFING PLATES Wire, Copper, Stamped Ware, Registers, &c. eer 8 + FeO. This view is indorsed by Regnault, R. SELLEW & CO. Koch, Mallett and Barff. The iron plates which are laid beneath the hearth of iron- smelting furnaces and are exposed to a red heat, become in tire converted by the mois- : ee eee ee ee ee ~— Metals, Black and Galvanized Sheet Iron, Dealer in METALS, Tin Pilate, Sheet Iron, Copper, SAINT LOUTS. Be, | ~ By B. H. Thwaite, in the Universal Kngineer { . |}ture of the sub-soil and air into magnetic The same compound, according to is formed on the underside of refining hearths, when the iron comes in contact with aqueous vapor. Tue pharmaceutical prep- aration called @triops martiales consists of magnetic oxide obtained by oxidizing iron in a current of aqueous vapor, Prof, Barff has utilized this chemical ac tion for pro lucing magnetic oxide by expos- ing heated iron to the contact of superheated steam at a temperature of about 1200° F. The action is as foilows: The iron decom poses the steam, the iron uniting with the oxygen, while the hydrogen is set free ; thus the chemical equation wich represents the action is Fe, H,0 Fe,0O, + 4H. According to Guibourt and other author ities the conjoint action of air and water at the normal temperature promotes corrosion ; but, according to Calvert, no oxidation oc curs unless the air and water contain the normal percentage of carbonic acid. Prof Calvert’s experiments have cleared up many mysteries connected with the phenomena of oxidation, and prove that the process of rusting is far more complex than has gen- erally been supposed, and also explain what Thénard in his Traité considers a remark- able fact: viz., that no oxidation occurs when iron is exposed to the eau oxygené of Thénard (that is, pure water and oxygen free from carbonic acid), so that this re markable fact appears to corroborate the facts Calvert deduced from his experiments. The purity of water has very marked in fluence on the action of corrosion. Well wa- ter commonly contains carbonate of lime and magnesia in solution, both active agents of corrosion. If the water, however, is thoroughly freed from air, no oxidation oc curs. Calvert found that if a blade of the best quality of commercial iron is half im- mersed in water that has been previously well boiled, and thus deprived of its oxygen, the immersed portion of the iron will not rust for several weeks, or until the water has absorbed oxygen and carbonic acid from the air. According to Calvert, neither car- bonie acid, per se, nor dry carbonic acid in combination with dry oxygen, produce any oxidation. Calvert has further shown by experiment that ammonia and oxygen, either dry or moist, produce no oxidation. This fact is of considerable importance, as it is commonly supposed that ammonia is injuri- ous toiron. Guibourt’s theory of the action of resisting was that iron, in contact with condensed aqueous vapor, or with rain water, becomes electrically excited. The negative quality of the water increases by contact with the iron, and repels its dis- solved oxygen, while the iron becomes more positive by its contact with the water, and has a greater affinity for the oxygen, with which it combines, producing a film of oxide or rust; and as every metal is electrically positive to its own oxides, a voltaic circle is at once established between them and the in- creased electrical energies decompose the water itself, setting the hydrogen free. It ap pears, however, that the primary action can- not occur without the assistance of carbonic acid in solution, which increases the elec trival action ; moreover, the iron must be at a temperature of so many degrees below the atmosphere as shall suffice to promote con- densation on its surface, since, without such condensation, the oxidizing action could not occur, This is proved by the observations of Percy in his ‘‘ Metallurgy.” In the Mu- seum of Practical Geology there are numer- ous specimens of iron which have been exposed to the air for 12 years, their frac- tured surfaces showing as yet no trace of oxidation. It should be remarked that the museum is heated by water, and the conden- sation of aqueous vapor has thereby been prevented. The Chemical Action of Corrosion.—The first formed film of protoxide or ferrous oxide which is formed on the surface of iron when exposed to the air contains 77.78 per cent. of iron and 22.22 per cent. of oxygen ; this is a powerful base, and combines rapidly with the oxygen liberated during the pro- cess of electrolysis, forming sesquioxide or ferric oxide (F,O0;), and constituting the well-known red oxide orrust. This oxide transmits the oxygen to the layer beneath, forming another film of protoxide, which is also gradually converted into sesquioxide, and this oxygen transmission goes on until the whole of the iron is oxidised. Of course, the energy of the electrolytic action and oxidizing action is greatly in- creased by the assistance of negative acids or foreign metals; it is also greater when the surface of the iron is not uniform or homogeneous. Besides the above combinations of iron and oxygen, however, other reactions occur. Nitrogen and hydrogen are both set free, but they may or may not be evolved. The nitrogen combines with part of the hydrogen to form ammonia, which again may com bine with the oxide of iron. When the iron is exposed to dampness, containing small quantities of sulphuretted hydrogen, the re sult is that the sulphur combines with the iron, forming sulphide of iron, which, by further oxidation, is converted intu a pro tosulphate. According to Bonsdorff, small quantities of chloric, muriatic, or acetic acid have a tendency to produce rust. Besides the combinations of oxides, others commonly occur ; for instance, the hydrogen liberated in the primary oxidation combines with the oxide, forming an hydrate having the formula FeO +- 2HO. ‘This hydrate, however, is not permanent. In the second decomposition by electrolysis, the hydrogen set free combines with the sesquioxide and forms Fe,O0;-+-3HO ; this action invariably occurs when iron is freely exposed to air and water in a shallow vessel. It has long been known to chemists that the chemical constituents of rust are of a varied and complex character. Claude | Bourderlin, in 1683, discovered that am- monia is formed by the action of oxidation ; and about the same time E. F. Geoffrey found that rust invariably contained ammonia ; Vauquelin, Chevalier and Boussingault found the same compound in the native oxide of iron, <Anstin remarks that ammonia is always present when iron is oxidized. The action is as follows: The oxygen of the air and water appropriated by the iron let free, their respective nitrogen and bydrogen thereupon combine, forming ammonia, The composition of iroar ust varies accord- nk. as Se awe > ee ee ~. ae od ye - > ee oS A OE < wav oe oer ee | mee thi © wy didn oe sae a at fie tee clea —=— . \ oe a &. 2 to eee iene - / - 3 i = Sew eee ~ ae we ee —_— < a ee | , THE IRON AGE: August 19; 18809, Kron. | Xvow. Xrow. | Xvon. : 1 ____NEW YORK. a NEW YORK. NEW YORK. PITTSBURGH. ______ PITTSBURGH, OGDEN & WALLACE, A. B. Warner & Son, Successors to GAME G. SMITH & CO. IRON MERGHANTS, TRON & STEEL, 85, 37,89 & 91 ELM ST., N. ¥. Cer A REE INED |28 & 29 West and 52 Washington Sts. SHEET AND PLATE IRON, HOOP, BAND AND SCROLL IRON, | BOILER PLATE, Rod and Horse Shoe Iron, Gether and Guede Mawes. Swedes aiameeae! a Nail Reds. | - ~ eae _|“Kureka, Ai Ton | of all sizes al and shapes made te » order. | f R S 0 N & 6 0. “ Wawasset,” Lukens, | Baye on hand, and ofer tos sale, the following | "y Brands of Iron. Alsoall descrtptions of Plate, Sheet, | M Wrought tron aso. ai Soop Canoe soaition, Brean | and Gasometer Iron. Special attention to Locomotive | jad Pewter, Zinc, Iron. Fire Box Iron a specialty. | & Steel ROME MERCHANT IRON MILLS, ron PO crits COMMON & REFINED IRON, 24 Broadway, New York City. Horse Shoe ir age oops ods, Scrolls, Bands, Ovals ual of Irom "branded J. G . All pudd oe vial s re | = ” © , P 4 . duc ced by * CAMPENT Orders may be sent to he Millor | Horse Shoe, Nall Rods, }toJ TER, our Agent, at ‘539 Jonn | | Se erect, Sow Steel, &c,. MA RSHALL LEFFERTS, | 90 Beekman St., New York City, ABEEL BROT HER S, | mANUFACTURER AND DEALER, Iron Merchants, Galvanized Sheet Iron, 190 South Street and 365 Water, N. Y. Ist and 2d Qualities. are Wire, Se a and Fence ; Galvanized | | T Hoop and Band ized Rod and Bar Iron, U S E be i Re O N | Galvanized Nails, Galvanised Chain, Galvanized Iron A full assortment of all sizés constantly on hand. Refined Iron, Horse-Shoe Iron, Common Iron, Band, Hoop and Scroll Iron, Sheet Iron, Norway Nail Rods, _ Orders s promptly filled from stock. Best Charcoal, Best Refined and Common SHEET IRON. Plate and Tank Iron, C No. 1,C H No. 1, Ge Be. 1 Flange, Best Flange, Best Flange Fire Box, C roles. BOILER IRON Stamped and Guaranteed. All Geserigtions of Iron Work Galvanized or Tinned to o Price list a ‘quotations sent upon application. W. BAILEY LANG, Sole Agent in United States & Canada for LOW-MOOR IRON COMPANY, NWO. S50 BEEKMAN ST.. NFW YORK. JAMES WILLIAMSON & CO., SCOTCH AND AMERICAN PIG IRON, _No. 69 Wall St., New York. ULSTER IRON WORKS, 18 Wall St., New York. Tuckerman, Mulligan & Co Passaic Rolling Mill Co., PATERSON, N. J. lron Bridge Builders And Manufacturers of Beams, Channels, Angles, Tees, Norway Shapes, Cast, Spring and Tire Steel, etc. A. R. Whitney, Manufacturer of and Dealer in IRON, 6, 58 & 60 Hudson ss" 50 & 52 Thomas, and NEW es 12, 14416 Worth Sts., Oar specialty is in Mianufacturiog Iron Used in the Con- struction of Fire-Proot Buildings, Bridges, &e. Plans and estimates furnished, and contracts made for erecting Iron Structures of ever description. Books containing cuts of all Iron made sent on ap- plication by mail. Sample pieces at office. Please address 58 Hudson Street, BORDEN & LOVELL, Commission Merchants 70 & 71 West St., Borcet | — New York. Wm LN. Lovell, Agents for the sale of Fall River lron Co.’s Nails, Bands, Hoops & Rods. AND Borden Mining Company’s Cumberland Coals. WILLIAM H. WALLACE & CO., IRON MERCHANTS Cor. Albany & Washington Sts., NEW YORK CITY. _™. H. WaLLace. _ eee B. F. JUDSON, Importer of and Dealer in SCOTCH AND AMERICAN Pie Iron, Wrought & Cast Scrap Iron, OLD METALS. 457 & 459 South st} NEW, YORK. | Iron Beams, Angles, T« 555 6 Ses Cou ® HUGH W. ADAMS ~ DANIEL 7. COONEY, | DEALER - " , (Late of and Successor to Jas. H, oo FOREIGN AND AMERICAN SS Washington St., BOILER PLATES and SHEET IRON, | RAILWAY, PIG AND SCRAP IRON, LAP WELDED BOILER F Estimates furnished for all kinds of Iron Work. Boller Rivets, Angle & T Iron, Cut Maile 4 al 56 PINE STREET, | Wa. Bisraam. New York Office, Room 45, Astor House. WATTS Work, Presider W. O. FAY ERW EATHER, Treasurer. CARMICHAEL & EMMENS, 130,132 4134 Soter hye New York. Lap-Welded Boiler Tubes, &c., &c, Agent for Otis’ celebrated Got Steel Boller Plates, The Coatesville Iron Co, Pottstown Iron Co., The | Agency for Pottstown Iron Co., Viaduct Iron Works,| D. L. COBB. ee am »n Ro'ling Mills, Pine Iron Works, Laurel Iron Ww . Tne Bergen R« ling Mills, at Jersey City. P. W. GALLAUDBST, | Hanker and Note Broker, No 3 and & Wall Street, | — Shutters, Deore, Cornices, | NEW YORE. | MOSELEY IRON BRIDGE AND ROOF CO. & Dey Street, New York. ROOFING & SIDING, | Meu Iron Buildings, Roofs HARDWARE, METAL, IRON RUBBER, SHOE, PAPER AND PAPER-HANGINGS, LUMBER, COAL AND PAILROAD PAPER WANTED tT Cine SES BE i ND ALLS | Hot Pressed Nuts, Bolts, Washers, &c. FULLER BROTHERS &«CO., 139 Greepwich Street, New York. BATES & DESPARD, 117 Pearl St., New York, Steel Rails, Swedish Pig and Steel. SCRAP IRON and OLD RAILS c. f. and i. to America, or f. 0. b. Euglish ports | John W. Quincy, © Anthracite & Charcoal Pig Irons, BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER. ANTIMONY, NICKEL, &e Boiler Tubes, Angle, Tee & Girder ren, | H ARRISON & GILLO ON Pennocks, 558, 560, 562 WATER B8T., and 902, 904, 906 CHERRY S8T., ant soley, Ovems, Halt Ovals, Half Reun¢ + eee and | Also pps Charcoal I rior | J. 8. SCRANTON, Sales Agent, CORRUGATED SHEET IRON HORSE SHOES. Burden Iron Works, H. Burden & Sons, EGLESTON BROS. & CO., ULSTER BAR IRON, Am, & Eng. Ref'd Iron,Common Iron, &c | ~ BAR IRON, Merchant Iron, &¢., &¢. 6) w picHarDs & C0, 88 to 96 Mangin St., New York. RON AND STEEL BOILER PLATE Broker in Machinery & Iron somes Se lling Mills, and U ae - Tube Works ; Wrought Tees, W.S. MIDDLETON, 52 Joha St., N. WY. ‘Glengarnock and Carnbroe NEW YORK. For spot delivery and for prompt or forward Baltimore or New Orleans, | CORRUGATED AND CRIMPED IRON | shipments to New York, Boston, Philadelphia, | | Sole Agents for the United States, Conniatéatnn Ritchex. Bar, Sheet, Tank, Boiler, Angle, T, and Rallroad Iron, And Railroad Equipment. Nails & Spikes Steel & R. R. Supplies, WINDOW GLASS, GAS PIPE & BORAX, ___ PITTSBURGH. Fa. — JUNIATA — 98S William Street, New York. Wrought Sorap, Cut Nails, Copper, IRON AND METAL DEALERS, ge PATENT Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1873 ; Sept. 9th, 1873; Uct. 6th, 1874; Jam, 11, 1576. Guaranteed fully equal in all respects to the IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, and at a much less price. FOR SALE, by all the principal METAL DEALERS In the Large cities threughout THE UNITED STATES. And at their Office, Il! Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. The U. S. Iron and Tin Plate Co., OF PITTSBURGH, PA.,, Manufacture to order The only S Sh in th k BEST REFINED CHARCOAL AND lutely prevent al Sallie and ohne cbiscant abs POLISHED SHEET IRON, factio Taggers Iron and Bessemer Steel oes Improved <snow Shoe Shapes. in quality and size to suit the wants ot consu ers. Also Best Charcoal | Terne Plates in Special ndard Size 36X7-16, 11-16X7- - aon 16, 13- a 16, %4yx7-16, 4x gy yt ge uiri 1 d. rs solic quiries promptly answere 15-16X%4, 1X44, 1 1-16x%, 1 1-8x%. Address P. O. Box 24, Pittsburgh hPa Works at Demmler, 1 Allegheny Co., Pa. STEEL TOE CALKS., Kastern Sales Agents: warm ‘aye Market st, Phil. | SHOENBERGE . ELY & WILLIAMS, "2 rig John st N.Y. GER & C0., ill 6 Oliver st., Boston. : a Cc. EKANE, Portsmouth Iron and Steel Co., Dealer in Successors to IRON and STEEL.| GAYLorpD ROLLING MILL Co., Old Rails, Wheels, Axles, Springs, Manufacturers of Seca, Saraings, Gee, Siemens-Martin (Open Hearth) PIG IRON, BLOOMS AND BAR _ IRON. _ encrmcmn | STEEL BOILER PLATE, C. A. von Bonnhorst. R A. Wilson, Agricultural and Machinery Steel nd Steel Ti R A. Ww | L S O N & C O., Also, Senemeiind Iron Boller P late and Rivets, PIG IRON, Merchest Bar, ~~ — Sheet Iron, Wrought iron and Steel Rails, All Sizes, caieand Wate BLOOMS AND ORE, Cm Te OHIO. 88 Fourth ave., cor. Wood st., Pittsburgh. cared sey ikapainac serene: BO Malleable Iron ‘Tron ‘Keystone Rolling Mill, Company, aie 2116 MARKET STREET Williams,