The Iron Age 1880-02-12: Vol 25 Iss 7

The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by DAVID WILLIAMS, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. ee psnlfieesdhsiniendeoutsteninseetaeesllliiog tcannenietsnmneiaeindiusenanamanes scaiienaesnatecemenneeeaeeetibians Seunnnnaemaa es —— A | Vol. XXV: No. 7. New York, Thursday, February 12, 1880. ti. tae. — poeendines ——_—__—_—— — —— aE compensa a snentineicheateneets - - ate —- = = aan | = : = embracing the effect of tensional strains. attributed to the use of acid oils for lubrica-| Phe Regulation of the River Theiss mation that the learned and well-traveled The Sturtevant Fan. TY. - | The records of his tests show that annealed tion. From recent experiments and obser- | and the Catastrophe at Szegedin author never mentions it without great ad — One of the classes of machinery which | glass possesses a tensional strength of 3.48 | vations made by M. A. Mercier, it appears | oe I Te miration and pride. Indeed, he has loudly American engineers have succeeded in car- | tons per square inch, which is from two to | that | —_—_ challenged the world more than once to rying to a comparatively high degree of ;three and a half times greater than the | THE CORROSION OF IRON UNDER THE ACTION| The Theiss River is unique in its kind in match this mine of professional wealth. efficiency has been that of blowers and fans, | figure usually given, and that by simply OF FATTY MATTERS AND STEAM Europe. It has been regulated according to Phe bulk of the observations, plottings, com "9 the excellence of which depends so largely | cooling glass in the air its strength may be | takes place under circumstances which were Sa well-matured and well-defined plan of putations and estimates done, Vésarhelyi upon the use of the very best materials and doubled. As a further result, it may also hitherto believed to offer protection. M. | : a i ok Bin a submitted the bold scheme he conceived to upon the most scrupulous accuracy of work- | be stated that the hotter the glass and the | Mercier has found that even perfectly neu- | such magnitude as nas never yj eon at- the general assembly of the proprietors, ’ manship. It has been the general practice | colder the bath, the stronger will be the | tral fatty oils have a strongly corrosive ac- | tempted with any large river in the world. nearly all the nobility of the country. That both here and abroad to operate fans of| finished ware. The former experiments, tion on iron in the presence of steam. In| The success of the executed parts of the this assembly soan came to constitute itself smaller size almost exclusively with power | however, proved that when the temperature | one case, steam at the pressure of the at-| work, and the docility of the restrained Ito one oF anized body is due to Count transmitted by belting, and, so far as we | of the glass is lower (and this is necessary in | mosphere was led into a flask filled with iron Stephen Széchényi, who, in 1846, prevailed know, it is only in the case of the enormous | practice in order that the shape of the arti- | turnings, which had been steeped in colza upon Paleocapa—the prince of modern hy Guibal and Schiele fans used for ventilating | cle may be preserved during toughening), | oil, rendered neutral by previous treatment |.) . , be th yy draulicians, as the Italians call him—to collieries on the Continent and in England | the temperature of the bath must be taken| with carbonate of soda. From the apparatus | Theiss might well ve the envy OF ail coun- study the Theiss and examine the Hunga that power has been directly applied. While | higher; and thus the conditions of manu-| thus arranged, hydrogen was slowly and | tries, and might afford highly instructive rian engineer’s project. Paleocapa tested, it requires strong and good workmanship, | faeture do not, as a rule, permit of the glass | continuously disengaged, showing that, at a | courses of study for any foreign hydraulic ‘‘ admired” and subscribed to V4sdrhelyi’s the latter method affords valuable advant-| being endowed with maximum strength. | temperature of only 212° F. fatty matters, engineer. The disaster at Szegedin was scheme; not, however, without supplement- VES ages as regards a better utilization of power | As a result of this, glass of sueh a composi-| not at all acid or rancid, are capable of de- | brought about exclusively by the obstinacy ing and refining on details. river have been so marvelous, and so highly exceptional in the history of rivers, that the and a diminution of repairs and cost of | tion should be chosen as will give favorable | composing water in the presence of iron, | of the municipality of that townin declining ‘The plan, as settled between the two en attendance. Mr. B. Sturtevant, of Boston, | results with a low temperature of the glass | forming oleate of protoxide of iron, glycer- | their share of the great and comprehensive gineers, was grand in its simplicity. Certain whose apparatus is familiar to all those| and a moderate temperature of the bath.| ine and hydrogen. In another instance, in | scheme of river works. ; bold cuts were to be made. The river, who have occasion to use fans, has For this purpose a glass rich in silica and| which lime had not been carried into the The length of the river under regulation on its entire length, was to be train- recently compieted a new type, which is| poor in lime appears to be best suited.| engine by the steam, the slide valve was may be said to be 740 miles, that of its valley ed between banks; these banks to be shown in the accompanying illustration. He| The average tensional strength of the| much corroded, and portions of the deposit | 440 miles. The flood surface—during the in most places 1000 to 1200 yards apart, now attaches to the end of the blower shaft bars hardened in oil was 17.1 tons per | detached from it contained 2.60 per cent. of first third of the century often all under in no case less than 650, and in many as the crank of a vertical engine adapted for | square inch, or about double the strength of | unaltered oil, 91.55 per cent. of peroxide of | water—extends over 6000 square miles. much as 3300 yards. ‘The dimensions were iss high speeds. The length of the stroke is | cast iron, and five times the strength of an- | iron, and 5.60 per cent. of oleic acid. Sim-, More remarkable, however, than the extent given for different reaches ; the super-eleva- ; usually made from one-tenth to one-twelfth tion of the banks over the higest known flood aan the diameter of the blast wheel, while the determined on different points; with the IT cylinder is about one-ninth its diameter, proviso, however, that these super-elevations ough- making the diameter of the cylinder a little ; should be further augmented as experience rcast more than the length of the stroke. When showed to be necessary ; it being assumed hoes, these fans are used for burning coal dust that the floods of the regulated river would aie under boilers, they usually have to run fast- be sure to rise somewhat higher than former- Ny est when the pressure of steam is lowest ; ly. The execution of a great number of the highest of the fan is required when | the proposed cuttings was to be deferred till the effect of the new banks suggested their most appropriate sites. The plan em- braced the widening of certain narrow reaches of the channel, and the correction of the mouth of the tributaries, and more especially the widening of the stream at Szegedin, from the present 170 yards to 250 yards, throwing back the banks to a width of 800 yards ; the mouth of the river Maros, which at present enters the Theiss at a dangerous angle above Szegedin, to be trans- ferred to the lower extremity of the town. The project suggests the main distribution of the future drainage and irrigation, and winds up with details of the more pressing part of the work. Soon after the war of independence in 1848-9 the works were begun, strictly after this plan, with the exception of the Szegedin part. The best part of the nobility, being excluded from political life, concentrated their energies in advancing the work ; and the government found it prudent to advance money. These works were vigorously pushed on till the year 1867, as vigorously and effee tively as was possible with a limited and over- worked staff, 25 or 27 civil engineers in all. In 1867 the works were abruptly stopped, in consequence of the country’s having re covered part of its ancient constitution. The political revival, and the corf&truction and endless projecting of railways, &c., has de- prived the Theiss company of its resources. rhe single great company was split into nu merous local boards, which exhausted their feeble powers in futile debates, remon- strances, petitions and finally lapsed into profound and chronic indifference, while the mechanical staff on the whole of the 740 miles was reduced to two engineers and their three assistants in all. the fires are being kindled in the morning, and at other times during the day when the pressure of steam happens to run low; hence the importance of making the cylinder of | larger capacity than would be needed if the steam pressure were kept constantly at the | maximum hight. The steam fan is sup- | plied with a good regulator, and it is claimed | that it will run at full speed with from 30 to | 40 pounds of steam, and will not increase its | motion when the pressure runs up to 60 or | 80 pounds. The importance of having a uniform blast in many large establishments where any irregularity or stoppage would result in serious loss, has led to the adoption of every means which tend to increase the dur- | ability of the machinery. All the running | parts are accordingly made of steel, except | the composition boxes. The blast wheel of | the blower, the arms and the hubs, the crank and crank shafts, crank pin, connecting rod, straps, gibs and keys, cross-head, piston rod | and piston, eccentric, eccentric strap, rocker | arm and valve rod, are all made of steel. | The journals are provided with self-oiling | apparatus, so that the blower can be run for long periods without any stoppage caused by | the heating of boxes, while the crank pin is | kept oiled by a novel device invented by Mr. Sturtevant. | The great variety of uses for which fans and blowers have obtained general adoption, makes the manufacture of a series of styles | and sizes a necessity. They are now largely used for supplying cool air or causing venti- | lation by the exhaustion of hot or vitiated air from mines, public buildings or factories, ' for drying moist fabrics, lumber, cotton or wool. The readers of The Iron Age will, however, be more particularly interested in the pressure blowers employed for creating | . The works at the time of this Szegedin a strong blast in — for melting iron, | disaster, which was persistently foretold by ; brass and copper ; for blowing forge fires | THE STURTEVANT FAN. all competent men for 30 years, were at the ting. for working metals of all kinds, and for | stage in which they were left in 1867, for r. blowing reverberatory furnaces, heating and anything the boards have done. The result puddling furnaces and nobbling fires ; for | is that, out of the 6000 square miles of low ' burning fine coal, coal dust and screenings, nealed glass; in some instances a strength | ilar corrosions and incrustations have been | of its flooded area, is the fall of this river. pround, 4200 square miles are protected, 4 ) sawdust or wet tan bark, under steam | °f 34.2 tons per square inch (equal tothat of | noticed in the working parts of stationary| As soon as its flow reaches the plains of | fro» drainage and irrigation purposes, how : ) boilers. iron wire) was attained. The process of | engines and locomotives, and their occur-| Northern Hungary, iés fall is less than that over pot a trench had been dug and not 7 i : The sizes range from 250 to 500,000 cubic toughening in oil, as adopted by Dela Bastie, | rence led to the following experiment. A | of the Po near the Bea, where it is called ‘ay cies hala” Waneushadies men | ¥| feet of air per minute. Those which exceed | is not suited to the production of plate glass, bucket filled with iron turnings, steeped in| Po stagnante and = il Po morto. Phere- | salient of the river Book er aaa sag lg the capacity of 50,000 cubic feet of air per | for it invariably warps the plates, injures eolza oil that had been previously neutral- | fore, an ‘‘ upper” Theiss, in the technical fited the country in a great measure. The a ; , minute are not portable, but have a housing their quality, and the consumption of oil | ized, was placed for eight days in a reser-| sense of the word, does not exist. | On its) alluvium of the Theiss has yielded wheat, ; ) of wood, brick or stone. The Capitol at | and cost of cleaning are very considerable. voir containing high-pressure steam. The | lowest 50 miles or so the fall of the Theiss is | yaize and tobacco, which products are equal 7 ) Washington is furnished with four ventila- | lo obviate these disadvantages Mr. F, turnings when removed were found to be only between a twenty second and a twenty or superior to the corresponding rrowths of | 5 ting fans, driven by powerful engines, and Siemens, of Dresden, introduced the method | much corroded, and the bucket contained fifth part of that of the corresponding part the Banat. By this means the revenue of ”” capable of removing 1,800,000 cubic feet of | of toughening plate glass by laying the red- | about a pint of dark brown oil, very thick, | of the Rhine, and merely a seventh part of | the country has increased by millions of air per hour. hot plate between two cast-iron blocks, with | scarcely fluid, and having a smell like thatthe fall of the “‘ stagnant Po.” In other! qoring annually, and national weath has ' See ae | carefully got up surfaces. The upper block | given off in treating iron with an acid. The words, on the highest part of this river, augmented by hundreds of millions. The SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL. | is counterbalanced, so as not to press too | oil was entirely soluble in ether, and con- where there has been considered any object existing works have been severely tested. ee | heavily on the glass plate. A contact of a|tained 7 per cent. of protoxide of iron, in starting works, the fall per 100 yards is | tach successive flood overtopped its prede When, almost ten years since, De la Bastie | few minutes suffices to effect the object in | Exposed to the air it oxidized rapidly, de- % to % of an inch; at ee about a cessor by a few inches, as was foretold, but i Age SS Coke tite anaies ar am | Oe The proper temperature of the cast- | positing peroxide of iron. Again placed in and between Szegedin and the Theiss mout 1} | there has been a safe super-elevation of all ; made known to the wor I agg iron blocks depends, to some extent, on the contact with iron, it attacked this, and re-| at Tittel at the Danube, about I-15 of an | ¢). completed bank, over even the highe i nealing glass in oil, the value of his discov- | hated : ra ace : ’ eae ” : -pecethy ls , This|inch. The width of the te aehek eet oe ny yank, over even the highest ‘3 a 5" ; aaa iin ee iperature and composition of the glass. gained its previous state of saturation. This inch. The width of the northern point Sacda Tm 1860 the Goods encronsied on ery was somewhat overrated. . | As in the case of oil, the strength of the fin- | explains the large proportion of uncombined | the river between Tisza-Ujlak and Namény 4, por cont. of the area protected ‘ his process has gained a firm foothold OO) eee clade Reeeeeel al ; ; ; ; et : ya g fx petri Baer se epg sc vards: | oper cont. § 1e area protected, In 1876, ed : : : § glass increases with the difference of peroxide that the deposits found in the cyl-| is} 120 yards; about Tokay, 135 yards;| whon Svevedin had such a narrow escape certain branches of glass manufacture, and oaaeene 7. : ay nelle pt sepia es to f Se i iceedl > Mahendle 1 the Danube 250 nari scape, is ie. Mhasieiean: tbh peal temperature between the glass and the cast inders and steam chests of engines com- between § zegedin an 1 7. : 2 | the floods broke only into 5 per cent. of the ' y ; | iron. monly contain ; and the formation of heavy | yards. The depth at the first place is 30 gefended lands: the floods of 1877 into ‘ rs. EXPERIMENTS-ON TOUGHENED GLASS, | The Prussian government has published oleate of iron accounts also for much of the | feet ; at Tokay, and thence right to the per cent. of the secured area, In 1879 | made by Dr. Schott and published in the | the recipe of a corrosion and pitting of the plates of boilers | Danube, with an increase of 1% foot, and goain, « per cent. of the protected lands and i Verhandlungen z. Beférd d, Gewerbfl., are FLUID FOR PRESERVING ORGANIC SUB- to which grease from any source gains ac- | further on a decrease of 3 feet in the mid-| the town-of Szegedin were flooded ~ ee | worthy of attention. The object of the STANCES, cess. The use of mineral oils, thickened if | dle reach, 37 feet throughout. In the first | thousand square miles, then were safe German investigator’s trials was to ascer-| discovered by Prof. Wickersheimer. The necessary with wax or paraffine, for the | reach it waters a section of 1000 square | jact year, and only 200 square miles were ; tain the best temperature of the glass and | Scientific American states that Prof. Barbeck, | lubrication of the parts of engines working | yards ; about Tokay, 1200; between Szege-| gooded through the eee the neglected iy oil, and the best composition for the glass.|at a recent meeting of the Philadelphia | in steam, would be no doubt a good mode of din and the Danube, 1go0. It carries, be- panks Of these 200 square miles "hearis H J The results may be summarized as follows: | Academy of Sciences, described the wonder- | checking corrosion. tween Tisza-Ujlak and Namnéy, 1800 cubic | pal¢ are situated about Szalak elena and i} 1. The hotter the glass is when thrown into | ful effects of this fluid, which has the power ae yards ; between this place and Tokay, 3300; | year Szegedin. The cause of the Szevedin the bath, the better it is suited for toughen- | of preserving not alone the color and form, Gen. Arthur Jules Morin, the eminent | between Tokay and Kesznyét, 4500; be catastrophe is thus accounted Pow ; 7 The : ing. 2. The warmer the bath the better the | but also the elasticity of vegetable or animal | French soldier and scientist, died a few | tween Szegedin and Tittel, 5400 cubic yards piver was not w idened, and the Maros tribu- results. 3. Soft, half-crystal glass, composed | tissues which may be prepared by immer-| days ago at the venerable age of 85. En-| per second. Floods exist, practically, tary was not diverted toa point RC gy of soda, lead and lime, gives but little better sion or injection. The formula for the dowed with an extraordinary gift for practi- | through the whole year, and a couple of de- | town as persistently demanded by the engi _ results than pure soda-lime glass. 4. The! preparation of the fluid is as follows: In) cal seience, he was not disposed to confine | cades back there were floods for ten years jeers and urged by the neighboring local ree cooler the glass when plunged, the hotter | 3000 grams of boiling water dissolve alum, | its exercise to military improvements. He | running. ulation boards. Of the town of Szevedin aaa ' must be the temperature of the bath. 5. | 100 grams; common salt, 25 grams; saltpe-| ventilated dwelling houses, strengthened Though surveys and projects were made that is lost which was decidedly bad. But the ; More hollow spaces are formed in the inte-| ter, 12 grams; carbonate of potash, 60| carriage wheels and invented pendulums for | in the last century, it was not before 1830 population is saved. Their share in the regu rior of the glass, if its temperature be high grams; arsenious acid, 10 grams. After! clocks. He was elected to the directorate | that any serious work was done. At this lation work is being carried out now, and they and that of the bath low, than if the tem-| cooling and filtering, add to every 10 liters| of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, | datea surveying staff, under the conscien may eventually become worthy emulators of perature of the bath be high also. 6. Bohe-| of the solution four liters of glycerine and | where he delivered lectures on mechanics, | tious engineer VAsdrhelyi, was appointed to Budapest, so as to justify the saying of their mian glass is not well suited for toughening. one liter of methylic alcohol. on meteorology and on geometrical instru-| study the river. For more than 10 years wise and beloved monarch over the ae ‘ ’ Dr. Schott has also investigated the me-| The formation of the more or less hard | ments. When the war of 1870 broke out he | 35 or 40 engineers, assisted at times by large ruins—substituting the name of the town for chanical pospectee of ordinary and annealed | lumps that are removed occasionally from | was almost too old for active service, for he | reinforcements, all well organized, kept ac- , that of the country—'‘‘ Szegedin has not been, glass treated in a different manner, his tests | the cylinders of steam engines is generally | was born in 1795. cumulating such a mass of valuable infor- | but is to be,” slat naa IF EB 2 SSB 6AR, BE SS ee eee - zt ED BF ARBARE GA RO SG a —— cond —_ “ ov SO) meee Metals. ANSONIA BRASS & COPPER CO., No. 19 Cliff Street, Phelps Building, NEW YORK. MANUFACTURERS OF | _ seta. BRASS AND COPPER Waterbury Brass CO, SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, CAPITAL, - - $400,000. Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c, Seamless Brass & Copper Vubing. CERMAN SILVER, BRASS AND COPPER TUBING, Ansonia Corrugated Stove Platforms.! COPPER RIVETS & BURS, PURE COPPER WIRE BRASS KETTLES, For Electrical Purposes, Bare and Covered.| Door Rail, Brass Tags, Phosphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c. ANSONIA * REFINED ___INCOT COPPER. PERCUSSION CAPS, POWDER FLASES, Sole Agents for the PHELPS, DODGE & CO, Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Sport- ing Goods and Wood’s Paper IMPORTERS OF Shot Shells. DEPOTS: Mille At TIN PLATE, 296 Broadway, New York, WATERBURY, ROOFING PLATE, 189 Eddy St., Providence, R. |. Conn, Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, Zinc, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF COPPER AND BRASS. CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. SCOVILL MFC CO BRASS, HINCES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BUTTONS, CLOTH AND METAL. —_——@——— DEPOTS, FACTORIES, Manufactured only by gross, less 25 # discount. COPPER CO., 419 & 421 Broome St., N, Y. Water! Conn. +7? Bomenae €4, token NowHaxn Con,| 255 Pearl Street, New York. 183 Lake St. Chicago, New York City, Manufactarers of and Dealers in DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO. Braziers’ & Sheathing] wire 1 Wire Mill Specialties. Importers of Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Cooper, Wire, Zinc, Etc. 29 & 31 Cliff St., cor. Fulton, DICKERSON & CO., Liverpool. NEW YORK. Established 1837. COPPER. Incorporated 1876. WATERBURY MFC. CO., WATERBURY, CONN. Brass and Plated Safety Chains, Bath and Basin Chains, Brass Nuts and Washers, Special Brass Work. Brass and Iron Jack Chains, Silvered, Nickeled and Gilt Chains, Chisel Bandle Ferrules, Brass Machine Screws, Correspondence invited. - ~ Manufacturers, "Whotesal and Dealers, lesale and an, N. & CG. TAYLOR CO., | Philadelphia. ESTABLISHED 1810, TriN PLATES. A specialty for sizes used In the manufactureof| IN, & G. TAYLOR Co. Gmeees m ats, alt ae Can make any size sia r ns eet Tin oofing na Milk Cans, ’ | Sheet Zinc, Sheet Free, , ee o er e Cotton Cans, &c. Sheet Brnbe ? a _ Send for o our r special prices a and list of sizes. ABRAM 8. HEWITT, President. JAMES HALL, Treasurer. WM. HEWITT, Vice President. E. HANSON, Secretary. TRENTON IRON COMPANY, (INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, NEW JERSEY, MANUFACTURERS OF [RON and STEEL WIRE OF ALL CRADES, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED; Iron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal fron Wire; Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths, Represenied lo New York by COOPER, HEW ITT & CO., 17 Berling ip. BRODERICK & BASCOM, MANUFACTURERS OF THE TRON AGE Copper, Brass and German Silver Wire, Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, &c. And small Brass Wares of every Description. Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. <C BROWN'S PATENT Warranted to hold 100 Ibs. Manhattan Brass Co., 1st Ave., 27th to 28th St, New York. Solid brass, price, $4 per THE “NEW HAVEN Kettle Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, Rivets, ingot Copper, Spelter, Solder, &c. - Of all ezes os chtened and cut to order. WIRE ROPE! w. T. WELLS, 8 | Sole Agent for Foxell, Jones & Co., manufacturers of February 12, 188®, Clive, ete. factals. The Plume & Atwood) pyjiies. noe, CHAS, F. WASHBURN, President & Treasurer. Mfg. Company, * & MOEN MANUF 4 Tih, —_ Established 1831. ares. MASS. MANUFACTURERS OF German Silver and Gilding Metal, Copper Rivets and Burs, Kerosene Burners, (3 Lamp Trimmings, &c.| = 80 Chambers Street, New York. 13 Federal Street, Boston. 109 Lake Street, Chicago. Factories, WATERBURY, Ct. MANUFACTURERS OF on and Steel Wire, PATENT STEEL BARB FENCING, Patent Steel Wire Bale Ties. WIRE RODS of all G Round Iron, Rivet , cut to any length. Rolling Mill, | THOMASTON, Ct. Bridgeport Brass Co., whers and exclu uality, 3-16 in. to Own sive Operators of the PATENT CONTI MANUFACTURERS OF coils of 100 pounds, without szamM or WELD. NU oUs ROLLING, Ei rea > Market an Bere Wine Sh d R | B Aanesied Fence and —— ue =: long sents : Jag mae é, Bridge. *, Bol cee Rivet, Buckle s ‘acture of Cai . , . eet an 0 rass, Tinned Broom Wire and Tinned-piated Wire of all sizes. A speciaty is made of Gicex, Machinery, Gun Saw Norway Iron Spiral Spring Tre and Refined Wire to Pattern for hens from Get c. . on oP etiah Bee selected ee ° Wie 8 x tened and a Gat ro any a . Grime wit L : eo Sten * { fi ino. Bicel Wire for Springs, Needles asd Date rire Steel Wire ke Sach oe ai yaled Steel Music WAREHOUSE, 21 CLIFF “STREET, NEW YORK. St. Louis Office, 717 North 2d Street Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, German Silver Metal and Wire, Copper and Iron Rivets. OILERS and CUSPADORES, {| LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, Clocks & Fly Fan Movements. | PLUMBERS’ MATERIALS. Particular attention paid to cutting out Blanks and manufacturing Metal Goods. MANUFACTORY, WAREHOUSE, Bridgeport, Conn. 19 Murray St., N. ¥. i es ss 0S OS SEO EX EO —=—=-—-—zy eee Harrison Wire Company, 8ST. LOUIS, MO. Taos. W. Fitcn, Cuas. Fisa, Prest. and Treas. Secretary. MANUFACTURERS OF All kinds of IRON & STEEL WIRE AN NATIONAL “WIRE AND LANTERN WORKS, Warehouse, 45 Fulton Street, New York. FIOWARD cw MORSE, Manufacturers of Brass, Copper and Iron WIRE CLOTH, Locomotive Spark Wire Cloth, Iron Wire Bolting Cloth, Ship and Railroad Lanterns, Signal Lights, Conductor’s Lantern ADJUSTABLE GLOBE HAND LANTERN, Desk and Office Railing, Riddles, Coal and Sand Screens, Nursery Fenders and Spark Guards, Ornamental Wire Fence, Holmes, Booth & Haydens, WATERBURY, CONN. NEW YORK, BOSTON, 49 Chambers St. 18 Federal St. ROEBLIN » Manufacturers of all kinds of WORKS sind c oe a New York Office Brass, Copper & German Silver, . axp ROLLED &ND IN SHEETS. TRENTON, War house BRASS & COPPER WIRE, N. J. 117 Liberty Street Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. BRASS & IRON JACK CHAIN, DOOR RAIL. German Silver Spoons, SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOONS, Kerosene Burners. &c. JOHN DAVOL & SONS, THE JOHN A. ROEBLING'S SONS CO, WIRE ROPE snedain Iron, Steel 2 and Copper Telegraph Wire, Holsting Si of all Market Wire, kinds, for Ferries, Stays, Ship Rigging, Sash Cords! Vineyard Wire. Lightning Rods, &c., &c. Iron and Steel WIRE Market Wire, Fence Wire Bridge Wire, Chain Wire, Buckle Wire, Spring Wire, Brooklyn pth Copper Coy Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &c., &e. —-* GALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, Antimony, Solder & Old Metals. 100 John Street, H. N. PASSAIC ZING CO. Manufacturers of Pure Spelter, ° FOR Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes AND ALL FINE WORK. Also for Galvanizers & Brass Founders. MANNING & SQUIER, Gen'l Agents 113 Liberty Street, N. Y. IRON AND STEEL WIRE ROPE For Hoisting, Running & Standing Ropes, Ferries, &. OONSTANTLY KEPT ON HAND. Address, HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne @ Co., Pa. Pa. FELTEN & GUILL EAUME, Carlswerk, near Cologne, Germany. PATENT CRUCIBLE STEEL WIRE, For Mining and Plow Ropes, Hawsers and Bridge Cables. SIEMENS-MARTIN AND BESSEMER STEEL WIRE, . : Flusseisen, Swedish and German Charcoal Wire. doe. TF ia < C..,|. .. eee HOLYOKE, MASS., GALVANIZED TELEGRAPH WIRE MANUFACTURERS OF of Charcoal and Swedish Iron and Stcel, also with high conductivity, and in long lengths. GALVANIZED STEEL WIRE, For Plain, Barb and Strand Fencing, 3, 4 and 7-ply Strand, Staples, &c. Annealed and Oiled Fencing Wire, ‘round and oval. WIRE ROPE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. TELEGRAPH CABLES. Contractors to the German and Foreign governments. The oldest house in the branch on the Con- NE. tinent, ®elegraph Address, CARES ERK, COLOG Ornamental . Wire Works. WiRSE, Sieves, Fe suders Cages, Sand and Coal Chairs, J. WOOL GRISWOLD, | {oye WIRE RAILING Bri ht fone oneal prey and 4 Tin "Miatod. also ey SCREW WIRE, HOLLOW WARE, and Broker in PIG IRON, Manufacturer of yal Mauufac ture » WIRE RAILING for Cemeteries, Balco 78 Beekman Street, New York City. | Bettees,'&e lw Se PA HOT pres: SIL\ desig St. Street, be SS. P. O. Box Manuf Hardwa Kerosen La Orders sen mediate pro R. Ss Deale Tin Pla "Os, "@y Ce Con- February 12, 1880. | LPF (€ »” 0. LINDEMANN & C0.,. Patentees and Sole Manufacturers of Spring Brackets for Bird Cages, And manufacturers of the largest variety of Japanned, Rrass and Tin-Plated Bird | Cages in this Country. Catalogues furnished to the trade. 254 Pearl Street, New York, | | | | | & § | } ‘ CLUE or MU LL JOCLEAWA ALLELE LLABED VEU RE LELLELELELELALALLA LEE . "eu Market Steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered. Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Springs, constantly on hand. 234, 236 and 238 West 29th Street, - - - - - NEW YORK, YALE LOCK MFC. CO. OFFICE AND WORKS, STANEFORED CONN., SALESROOMS, ALE LOCKS, 53 Chambers St... New York. 36 Pearl St., Boston. S06 Commerce St., Philadelphia, BROWN & BROTHERS, 81 Chambers St., N. Y. Manufacturers of BRASS, COPPER AND GERMAN SILVER, In Sheets, Rolls, Rods, Wire, Tubing, Rivets and Burs, Etc. ALSO, Seamless Brass & Copper Tubing. PATENTED SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER | HOUSE BOILERS, warranted to stand 200 Ibs. pressure and guaranteed against vacuum. Waterbury, Conn. PATENTED SPRING TEMPERED SHANK, | SILVEK-PLATED, FLAT TABLE WARE, in rich | designs. | GERMAN SILVER SPOONS AND FORKS. St. Louis Malleable Iron Company, 2116 MARKET STREET, ST. LOUIS, M0. Henry M. FIuey, Joun D. FILuey, President. Secretary. MANUFACTURERS OF Malleable and Gray Iron Castings, GENERAL HARDWARE, ke, ROME IRON WORKS, Manufacturers of | Brass, Gilding Metal, Cop- per and German Silver (In Sheets, Rods, Tubing or Wire), COPPER & BRASS RIVETS AND BURS. Rome, New York. P. W. GALLAUDET, Banker and Note Broker, Nos. 3 and 5 Wall Street, | NEW YORK. HARDWARE, METAL, IRON RUBBER, SHOE, PAPER AND PAPER-HANGINGS, LUMBER, COAL AND RAILROAD PAPER WANTED. ADVANCES MADE ON BUSINESSS PAPER AND OTHER SECURITIES, ot I, ScHOENBERG, Pres. S. Buonpuerm, Sec’y. | The Schoenberg Metal Mfg. Co., | Manufacturers of and Dealers in ~~ ™ SOLDER. TYPE, Stereotype, Electrotype and Babbitt Metals, Im orters of Block Tin, Antimony, &c. Refiners of | Lead, Spelter, &c. Highest price paid for Old Metals and all kinds of Dross. 528 ana 530 East 20th Street, between Avenues A & B, New York. Ss. L. SAMUEL. | P.O. Box 1300. 5&7 Cedar St., N. Y. | Manufacturers’ EXPORT Agent for Hardware, Brassware, Classware, | WOODEN WARE, Kerosene Goods, Burners, Wicks, Oil. Late Agent for Wu. H.Samvuet & Co. Orders sent direct will save the purchaser all inter mediate profits. R. SELLEW & CO. | Dealer in METALS, Tin Plate, Sheet Iron, Copper, &¢. SAINT LOU'S. AMERICAN TOOL CO., MANUFACTURERS OF TOOL CHESTS This Advertisement is Changed Every Week. D. G. GAUTIER, D.J, MORRELL, CHAS. DOUGLASS, Chalrman. Treasurer, Gen’! Sup't. GAUTIER STEEL C0,, Limited. STEEL, WIRE and SPRINGS. Works, Johnstown, Pa. Eastern Warchouse, 93 John St., N. Y. Phila, Warehouse, 505 Commerce St. MONITOR TIN PLATE WORKS, 64 Cliff Street, New York, Manutacturers of LARGE TINNED SHEETS for DAIRY and OTHER PURPOSES, COTTON CANS, and all special sizes, shapes, gauges and qualities, from ro to 40 inches wide, 1° to 96 inches long. Guaranteed Equal in Every Respect te Best Imported. CONDIT, WICK & CO., lron Manufacturers and Merchants, Wholesale Dealers in Sheet, Tank and Plate Iron, Nails, Glass, Horse Shoes, Horse Nails, and other articles of HEAVY HARDWARE. CLEVELAND, OHIO. Send for Dustrated Catalogue. ie Of every description, adapted for home and export trade. MECHANICS’ TOOLS & HARDWARE SPECIALTIES. EAGLE FACING MILLS AND PLUMBAGO WORKS, CINCINIWATI, O., MANUFACTURERS OF Foundry Facings and Blackings, Black Lead and Lubricating Plumbago, Foundry Supplies, Monk’s Molders’ Tools, Molding Sands, Our Return Facings are used by all first-class Stove Manufacturers. Our Heavy Black- | ings are used by the U. S. Government, by the leading Railroad Foundries, and wherever | heavy castings are made. ger QUALITY GUARANTEED THE BEST. SEND FOR PRICES. 44 Ss. OBERMAYER & CO., Prop’rs. THE IRON AGE. STEEL WIRE forall purposes and STEEL SPRINCS of every description. | Papers on Practical Founding. BY EBWARD KIRK. NO. II.—CORES. | A core is that part of a sand or loam mold | which is surrounded on two or more sides | with molten metal when the mold is poured. | Cores are always formed in the mold by the | pattern, if possible, but if the opening to be |formed in a casting is of such a shape that the pattern cannot be molded so as to | leave its own core, then a ‘‘core print ” is | put on the pattern, and a core of the desired | Shape is made and set into the mold. If the | core is made of common molding sand, it is | called a green-sand core; if it is made of sharp or river sand and dried, it is called a dry-sand core ; and if it is made of loam and dried, it is called a loam core. Great care must be taken in preparing the material for and making these cores, for they are often entirely surrounded with molten metal, as is the case in pipe and like castings, and if the | core is not properly made the molten metal will not lie upon it, but will bubble and boil, and cause the casting to be full of blow-holes. As these cores are made of different mate- rials and formed in different ways, I will de- scribe them separately, with their respec- | tive advantages and disadvantages to the founder, Dry Sand Cores.—The term dry sand core is applied to a core that has been dried or baked in an oven. These cores are made of sharp or river sand, containing little or no loam, and a quality of this sand is se- lected to suit the work it is intended for. For large cores, a very open or large-grained | Sand is used, so that the gas generated by the action of the molten iron upon it may escape more rapidly in order to prevent the formation of blow-holes in the casting. For small cores the finer-grained sand is used, it being less difficult to conduct the gas from these small cores than from the large ones. The fine-grained sand, moreover, makes the smoothest casting. Parting sand, or burnt molding sand which has been scraped from the castings, is often used for small, dry-sand cores, but as this sand contains no loam at all, it makes a very weak core and is not considered safe for large cores. As all these sands which I have mentioned as being used for dry-sand cores contain little or no loam, they would not dry or bake into a solid mass if they were used alone, or in their pure state, but would crumble when handled, and a core would not have sufficient strength to resist the action of the molten metal upon .it To give this sand more adhesiveness and strength when dry, something must be mixed with it. For this purpose various substances are used, and that I may be more thoroughly understood in describing the ad- vantages and disadvantages of these differ- ent materials, I will employ the terms com monly used by the foundryman. The dif ferent kinds of dry-sand cores usually re- ceive their names from the ingredient added to the sand before makin, tha core. Flour Cores.—This term is applied w dry- sand core in which flour has been used for the purpose of increasing the adhesiveness and strength of the sand when dried. In these cores the proportion of flour used varies according to the quality of the sand and the size of the cores to be made. If the | sand contains a little loam or the cores to be made are very large, less flour is used than when the sand contains no loam or when the cores are small, because a very small amount of loam in the sand gives strength to the core, and a small core requires more strength in proportion than a large one. But in either large or small cores care must be taken not to use too much flour, for when the molten metal surrounds the core the flour generates a great deal of gas and makes the casting more liable to be full of blow-holes. The amount of flour generally used in the common dry-sand flour core is one shovelor measure of flour to from eight to twenty shovels or measures of sand, ac cording to the quality of the sand and the size of the cores. In these cores any kind of common flour is used, such as sweepings from mills, sour or musty flour, and some foumdrymen use unbolted flour or mid dlings ; but the best flour for this kind of core is rye or rice flour, and when either of these can be procured they should be used in preference to all others. In preparing the sand for these cores it is spread out over the floor or bench, and the flour is spread over it so as to mix with it as thoroughly as pos sible. It is then mixed, wet and tempered in the same way as sand for green-sand molding. Steam Flour Cores.—This term is applied |to dry-sand cores in which the flour has been steamed before it is mixed with the sand. What I mean by steamed flour is | flour that has been mixed with water into paste and boiled with a jet of steam turned into it from the boiler; but a flour paste boiled in any other way is equally good. | The only advantage in using the steam jet is that itis always handy, and that there is no danger of burning the paste with it. After the flour has been steamed or boiled, the paste is thinned down with water and | the sand is tempered with it. In this wava more thorough mixture is obtained, and a | stronger and better core is made with less flour than is required when the flour is used in its raw or dry state. The steamed flour | cores are harder than the raw or dry flour | cores, and will not generate as much gas as | these, nor will they draw dampness from a green-sand mold so rapidly. Any ordinary | core may be left in a green-sand mold for one or two days without any danger of its | blowing when the mold is poured. For the | steamed flour cores, any kind of flour may | |be used. I think the steamed flour core is |the best that can be made for general | foundry purposes. Loam and Sand Cores.~-This term is ap plied to dry-sand cores, composed of sharp sand, loam and horse manure. In these |cores the loam is used in place of four or | other substances for giving strength and ad- hesiveness to the sharp sand; but if the | sharp sand and loam were used alone, the core, when dried, would be so close and hard that the gas or vent could not escape from it, and the casting would be full of | blow-holes. A small amount of horse ma- nure is, therefore, mixed with the sand and loam. When the cores are dried or baked the manure is burnt out, leaving the cores open and porous, and allowing the gas to es- cape from the surface of the core into the vent hole in the center without boiling or disturbing the molten metal. For this core care must be taken not to use too much loam, as this would make it more difficult to get the vent off, and would, consequently, increase the risk of blow-holes being formed in the castings. This mixture is principally employed for large cores or dry-sand work. It is not much used for small cores. When it is, a little flour is added. Rosin Cores.—This term 1s applied to dry sand cores in which rosin has been used for the purpose of increasing the adhesiveness and strength of the sand when dried. The rosin is pulverized and mixed with the sand in the same way as the drvy flour in the flour core, and the proportion of rosin used varies according to the quality of the sand. Buta little less rosin than flour is required for the same quality of sand. The rosin core is a very fine hard core, but it draws the damp nes3 more rapidly than the flour or sand and loam core, and for this reason it is not much used for very largecores. It also throws off a very heavy black smoke after the casting has been poured, and if many cores are used the casting room is filled with smoke, which |is very disagreeable to the workmen. This difficulty may be partially overcome, and the cores made less liable to draw dampness, by baking them perfectly black in the oven be- fore they are used, but in this process care must be taken not to burn them. Pitch is sometimes used in making dry sand cores, being pulverized and mixed with the sand like rosin in the rosin cores. The pitch cores are about the same as the rosin cores, but they make a blacker and more disagreeable smoke when the molds are poured than the rosin cores do, and for this reason are but little used. Molasses Water Cores.—This term is ap- plied to dry-sand cores jn which molasses water has been used for he purpose of in- creasing the adhesiveness and strength of the sand when dried. For this core a coarse open sand is used. It should contain a little loam, but not enough to make a strong core. Molasses water makes a very fine hard core if the right kind of sand is used, but if the sand does not contain sufficient loom, the core, when dry, will not be strong enough to resist the action of the molten metal, but will crumble from the effects of the heat. Care must be taken not to add too much molasses, for this would make the sand very sticky, and would render it difficult to get the cores out of the box without breaking them. By some a little molasses is added to the water used for tempering the sand for flour cores. This makes the cores a great deal harder and stronger than when the sand is tempered with clear water. By others, molasses water is used for sponging the cores after they have been made. This forms a very hard scale on the outside of the core, while the center remains soft and more open, and admits of the gas or vent escaping more freely. If a little blacking be mixed with the molasses water used for sponging the outside of cores, it assists in scaling the core sand from the casting. Glue Water Cores.—This term is applied to dry-sand cores in which common glue dis- solved in water has been used for giving ad- hesiveness and strength to the cores when dried. For this core a sand containing no loam at all may be used. This cure gene- rates less gas than any of the others, and what little gas is generated may be gotten off more easily than from other cores ; but it is more expensive as well as more diffieult to make, and is seldom used except in cases where there is very little chance to get the vent off, as is sometimes the case with some of the small flat cores used in steam cylinders. The glue should be dissolved in warm water and mixed with the sand while warm, The cores are made at once, for if | the sand were allowed to lie in a heap for a while before the cores are made it would harder as the water cooled, and if undis- turbed would form a hard mass, which might | be softened by adding water to it, but which would not make as good a core as if used when first mixed. Gum arabic is also some- times used in making dry-sand cores. It is dissolved in water and used in the same way as glue water, making about the same kind of cores. Sour Beer Cores.—This term is applied to dry-sand cores in which sour beer or ale has been used for the purpose of increasing the adhesiveness and strength of the sand when dried. For these cores the same kind of sand is used as for the molasses water cores. The quality of both cores is about the same. Sour beer or ale is also usetl by some foundrymen for sponging the outside of flour and other cores. This has about the same effect upon them that molasses water has, giving them a hard scale. The sour beer cores are not much used nowadays, not being considered as good as some of the other cores. Moreover, some core makers are apt to make a slight mistake and get the beer or ale into themselves instead of the cores, es- pecially when it is not very sour. Brick Bat Cores for Rough Open Sand Work.—Common brick are sometimes used for cores Che soft brick, or those that are not burnt much, are selected. They should be warmed before they are put into the mold, in order to drive out any dampness they may contain. The brick-bat cores gan- not be used for flask work, for they contain no vent holes and there is no way for the gas to escape Charcoal Cores. Very small cores are sometimes made of charcoal. In this case the charcoal is cut into any desired shape and put into the mold in the same way as a dry-sand core. Before putting this kind of core into a mold the eharcoal shouted be dried and the mold should be pomred soon after the core is put in, in order to prevent the charcoal from drawing dampness and caus- ing blow-holes in the casting oe It appears that the iron piers built during last spring at Coney Island and Long Branch are proving that they are fully capable of resisting the storms raging dur ing the winter on our coasts. The succesa thus obtained will no doubt largely encourag4 | the construction of similar works, ” FS SORE CPT EE yams ——> OO Tee WE. er eae: S| EC es eee an 22 ea = -—< February 12, 1880- THE IRON AGE. ron. Xron. Fron. vow. Evo. : NEW YORK. oe NEWYORK. NEW YORK. : PITTSBURGH. PITTSBURGH. W. D. wO0d & CSA. G. HATRY, Commission Merchant. Bar, Sheet, Tank, Boller, Angle, T, and Rallroad Iron, And Railroad Equipment. Nails & Spikes Steel & R. R. Supplies, WINDOW GLASS, GAS PIPE & BORAX. PITTSBURGH, PA. JUNIATA PIERSON & C0,, A.B. Warner & Son, John W. Quincy, 24 6 26 Bradway, 77 4 79.New Sto! TRON MERGHANTS, sacha & Charcoal Pig Irons, NEW YORK CITY. 28 & 29 West and 52 Washineton ‘i. re sé ” . rought Scrap, Cut Nails, Copper, re | Cc K Ss of al | k - d S, BOILER PLATE, BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, ANTIMONY, NICKEL, &e ““ESOPUS”” HORSE SHOE IRON, | soticr raves, ancto, Tee & Girder iron, 7 de ANGLES, |” sole Agents for ne coteprated ‘HARRISON & GILLOON Tees, Channels, Sheets, Plates. “Eureka,” § Pennocks,| , '2O’ Ano metat DEAters, 558, 560, 562 WATER ST., and 802, 904, 306 CHERRY ST., All descriptions in stock. “ ” NEW YORK, a Wawasset, Lukens, hand, and offer for sale, the following: | have o' | Sco ri Pig Iron, Wrought, Cast and IRON | & wN T E E L. Brands of Iron. Alsoall descriptions of Plate, Sheet, Mac re an hy and Heavy ———_—— and Gasometer Iron. meee attention to Locomotive To nt yi "ae ola Copper, Composition, Brass, OGDEN & WALLACE, 2 treme. tandoori Successors to GAM’E. G. SMITH & CO., ROME MERCHANT. IRON N MILLS, 0x FO R D IR 0 N C0 : ‘ IRON & STEEL, 85 $7,89 & ®l ELM ST., N. ¥. ieuiiamaiaie er fone evade of COMMON AND REFINED 2, lron, Bands and Fine Hoops. BAR IRON. Scrolls, Ovals, Half Ovals, Half Rounds, He szagon and | a SHEE! AND PLAT E IRON, | He orse Shoe iron. Also from Charcoal Pt su So ’ | quality of Iron branded J.G. All pudd ed. balls ders may 17 sent to the mito 7 | HOOP, BAND AND SCROLL IRON, PATENT Planished Sheet Iron. Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1873 ; Sept. 9th, 1873; Uct. 6th, 1874; Jam. 11, 1676. Guaranteed fully equal in all respects to the IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, and at a much less price. FOR SALE, by all the principal METAL DEALERS ROADSTER (B. G. CLARKE, Receiver,) PATTERN. fee uced by CARPE Nir god and Horse Shoe Iron, bd J. wom i AR ER, our Agent, at 59 John | Angle and T Iron, 1 = In the Large cities throughout : Swedes and Nerway Iron, Norway Nail Rods, rH ARSHALL LE FFERTS, _ nee “ al) sizes and japan made to order. | 90 Beek n St., New York City, j S fe | K a S . TH E U N ITE D STATES. And at their Office, Ill Water Street, PITTSBURGH, PA. {The U. S. Iron and Tin Plate Co., OF PITTSBURGH, PA., mati me. SNOW SHOES. Th ly 8 BEST REFINED CHARCOAL AND ltely prevent al Shoes in the market that abso- POLISHED SHEET IRON, Taggers Iron and Bessemer Steel os pe proved slow Shoe Shapes. in quay gue size to -_ the — + . = ers. tt Charcoal Terne 8 pec Sizes, from 10x17 to 20x30 3X7-16, 11-16X7-16, 4(.X7-16, 13-16K7-16, 4X7-16, 4x36 Orders solicited. Inq uiries prompt answered. 15-16x%4, 1x . id hPa 5 M4, KM, 1 1-16KM, 1 1-8x%. Address P. O. Box 24, Pittsburgh, a Work. at Demmler, Allegheny Co., Pa. STEEL TOE CALK Ss. Eastern Sales Agents: Pittsburgh se Siarket st. ras, | SHOENBERGER & CO., ***va:"*™ ELY & WILLIAMS, "4 "24 John ty NY jl Portsmouth Iron and Steel Co., Oliver st. Boston. Successors to Cc. KANE, CAYLORD ROLLING MILL Co., ‘ Dealer in Manufacturers of IRON and STEEL. Siemens-Martin (Open Hearth) STEEL BOILER PLATE, “ABEEL ROTHERS, | MANUFACTURER AND DEALER. |5 5 soraniron, Sales Agent, Established 176; by ABEEL & BYVANCK, | ron M erc ha nts, Galvanized Sheet lron, | 81, 83 ase Street, Ist and 2d Qualities. Se ee ee 190 South Street and 365 Water, N. Y. gon ane Wire,