The Iron Age 1880-01-01: Vol 25 Iss 1

T- l. ay in, 9, The Iron Age A Review of the Hardware, Iron and Metal Trades. Published every Thursday Morning by DAVID WILLIAMS, No. 83 Reade Street, New York. Entered at the Post Office, New York, as Second-Class Matter. Vol. XXV: No. 1. New York, Thursday, January T, I88o. 84.50 a Year, Including Postage. Stngle Copies, Zen Cents. Management of Steam in Factories. | should, as nearly as may be, choose a size It is almost impossible to mention any spe- | cies of manufacturing which is carried on within doors on a large scale in which | steam is not used for a variety of purposes, both winter and summer. The manufac- | turer is met at every turn by steam con- | sumption. As steam is produced only by the burning of fuel, and as fuel is costly even in the best supplied sections of the | country, it becomes necessary to look care- | fully after both the making and using of | steam. | In the vapor of water we find the best | possible vehicle for carrying heat, and in | the present state of the arts the best means | for the conversion of heat into motion. As | a heat carrier it leaves little to be desired, | since it takes up heat in great quantity and parts with it readily. The laws governing its use are well understood, at least by sci- | entific men, and it would seem as though it possessed every advantage for economical use. It is, however, rare that in factories and machine shops we find anything save | the commonest rule of thumb displayed in its management. We recently took occasion to inspect the new factory of Messrs. Bliss & Williams, Ply- mouth, Pearl and John sts., Brooklyn, N. Y. The factory, which is just finished and in| running order, was designed and erected | by their superintendent, Mr. Edmund Jor- dan, with especial reference to the manu- facture of presses and dies of all descrip-| tions. The factory is a large one, hav- ing a depth of some 200 feet, and is four stories high. The manufacture of presses and dies is one in which an abundance of light is a great saving. The factory has, therefore, been designed with an unusually small amount of wall and a large amount of window surface. The windows are 4 feet and the piers 3 feet. There are 4380 square feet of glass exposure to the air. On the und floor the windows are g feet high. hese circumstances of course necessitate an abundance of heating surface to make the factory comfortable in cold weather. To make the expense of heating as small as possible, unusual pains are necessary, espec- lally in the matter of mene the steam eal vetunaien the drip. While the factory is in many respects a model, it is not in any | ! sense of the word a fancy building. Noth- ing has been done for show, and a rigid economy has been practiced in all those little details which are usually added for display. On the other hand, where by the expendi- ture of money the comfort of the workmen or the facility of working could be increased, money hs been expended freely and almost lavishly. Thelimit, in fact, has only been found in reply to the question whether the gain by the improvement would repay the interest upon the investment. Solong as the answer has been affirmative, there has been no stint in any direction. In this respect the build- ing and its appointments are a model. The manner in which the generation and con- sumption of steam in this factory have been accomplished is somewhat peculiar. We have, therefore, had sketches made illus- trating the more important features, and shall make them in part the subject of this article. While discoursing upon the general subject of steam in factories, we shail describe spe- cifically the methods employed in this fac- tory, stating some of the reasons which have led the proprietors to depart from beaten paths. While there is undoubtedly much to commend in the plans adopted by the owners of this establishment, it does not follow that considerable modification of them might not be necessary to adapt them to use under different circumstances and in different surroundings. The apparatus here described is exclusively for hard coal, while no small percentage of the manufactories in the couniry are situated where soft coal is the only fuel. The principles governing the management of steam, however, remain the same, however the steam may be generated. The arrangement of valves and pipes by which to utilize steam is in no way affected by the method of producing the steam. We believe all, therefore, to whom the use of steam isof any importance, will find much that is of interest and value in the descrip- tion of the steam fitting of this factory which follows. The first thing demanding attention in any establishment employing steam is the boiler. This should be of ample size for the work to be done. If too small, it must be crowded in order to produce the necessary amount of steam, and the result is priming and a waste of fuel. On the other hand, an excess of boiler power is not favorable to economy of fuel. In such a case the fires have to be kept so low that they are constantly falling into holes, and the cold is thus admitted to the flues and cools off surfaces which have to be again heated. Large boilers have more radiating surfaces than small ones, and are therefore wasteful when only small | quantities of steam are wanted. In naval | vessels it is a standing rule, dictated by long experience, that when only half or quar- | ter of a ship’s steam power is to be used, it is to be obtained by driving half or quar- ter of the boilers at their full rate and cut- | ting the others off entirely, and not by | running them all with half the usual amount | of fuel. Practice in hundreds of different cases, and perhaps thousands, all over the | world, has proved that this is true economy. In this the stationary boiler is governed by the same laws as the marine. From this we see that in selecting a boiler to supply steam to «@ factory, we whose capacity will give the amount of steam wanted, and neither more nor less. It is too often the case that, in planning a factory, the whole matter of a boiler is turned over to a boiler maker, who has for directions merely the size of the engine and the amount of space to be heated. Without any unity of purpose in the design, there is little wonder that the results are not such as could be considered satisfactory by those who know what can be done by judicious de- sign and arrangement of details. In Figs. 1, 2 and 3 we show a longitudinal and cross-section, and a top view of a boiler capable of supplying a very large quantity of steam with a small consumption of fuel. They represent the boiler in the factory above described. At the first glance the ex- perienced eye recognizes a great number of | radical departures from the stereotyped methods of boiler setting. The great depth of the fire-box, the large combustion cham- ber, the short steam dome and the flue cov- ering the top of the boiler, are some of the features that are worthy of attention. The shell is 16 feet long by 54 inches in diameter. It is calculated for a pressure of from 60 to 70 pounds, and has 49 4-inch tubes. The large size of the tubes is favorable, although theory would point out that a greater num- ber of smaller tubes would give much more heating surface. The large tubes, however, are easier to keep clean and are more effec- ' bustion in the fire-box. the best results are obtained when the greatest quantity of carbonic oxide is made in the furnace itself. This is attained by a great depth of fire. There is, of course, but a small amount of heat generated, and the | temperature of the fire is comparatively low, a point which is felt in the wear of the furnace and grate bars. When, however, the gases from the furnace pass the bridge wall they must have the proper supply of air, in order that the carbonic oxide may be | completely consumed in the combustion chamber. In this chamber the carbonic oxide meeting and mixing with the air is completely burned, and gives out an intense | heat, much greater, in fact, than could be | obtained by any practicable method of com- plete combustion at a single step, as is com- | monly attempted in practice. Both front and back connections, B and C, | in Fig. 2, by which the gases are turned into | and from the tubes, are very thin. That at the back is only 20 inches and the front one 12. The top flue is of good size, extending | over the whole top half of the boiler, and is covered with plates having 3-inch flanges, the arrangement of which is shown in Fig. 3. Over the front door is placed a ‘ Fox | water arch.” This consists of two bars bent | into the form shown in Fig. 4, and then | covered by plates, top and bottom, so as to leave a passage for water between them. | The arch is formed, in fact, of a broad rect- | FLANGE PLATES Fig. 2.—Longitudinal Section through Boiler. tive than smaller ones would be. The steam | dome is 2 feet in diameter and 18 inches high. This small size was selected in order to bring the whole of the dome within the return flue over the top of the boiler and leave only the top exposed to loss of heat from radiation. An ordinary steam dome which would, as they are ordinarily made, expose 6 or 7 square feet of surface to the air, would be losing heat continually, while | one which, as .in this case, is in a hot flue, is constantly receiving heat which would otherwise be wasted. According to tables computed by Messrs. Babcock & Wilcox, the engine ‘builders, the loss would amount to something like 3300 heat units per hour. Although this may seem an unimportant quantity, yet the saving amounts to several dollars per year. In fact, if a boiler was to work constantly 10 hours per day for a year, nearly a ton of coal would be needed to make up for the | stoppe radiation from the exposed portion of the | steam dome alone. The grate, as will be seen in Fig. 2, is placed 30 inches from the lowest plate of the boiler. To use the common expression, the boiler is ‘‘ set very high.” In practice, a very deep fire is kept, the fuel coming to withiu 6 inches of the bottom of the boiler. This converts the fire-box into a sort of gas furnace, in which the coal is burned to car- bonic oxide instead of to carbonic acid, as is the usual practice. A thick fire is in direct opposition to the preaching and practice of the boiler makers, boiler users and steam engineers, but we think that the thick fire can be demonstrated to be the correct and more economical system. It is certainly one which makes it much less diffi- cult for a careless fireman to obtain reason- ably good results than it does under the sys- | tem of thin fires. These need constant and |careful attention to prevent them from burning into holes, through which a rush of cold air can take place, or from being so ‘* deadened down” with fuel that the pro- duction of steam is stopped for the time being. A thick fire, with a large combustion | chamber behind the bridge wall and a reason- ably well-arranged supply of air, in many respects acts, as we have said, like the so- ed gas furnaces or ‘‘ gas producers,” There is no attempt made at perfect com- Bi ti He ii RUTH Fig. 3.—Cross Section of Boiler and Setting. MANAGEMENT OF STEAM IN FACTORIES angular water tube. The water enters one | end of this from the feed pipe A, and goes into the boiler through the delivery pipe B, (see Fig. 4). Steam is often made rapidly in the upper part of the arch; and to prevent the water from being driven back in both directions from the crown, which would cause the arch to burn out quickly, a steam pipe, c, is put in, which connects the crown with the steam space of the boiler. In order to make a complete circulation through the arch when the pump is not at work, another connection is made with the boiler by means of the circulating pipe D, through which a constant circulation of water is obtained, in connection with the delivery pipe B under all circumstances, even when the arch is making steam rapidly and the pump is 4. The feed water usually enters the boiler through the circulating pipe when the fire is the hottest, and an independent cir- culation goes on through the pipes B and C. The arch prevents the setting from burning out at this point, utilizes the heat, otherwise | wasted, and insures hot feed water all the time. It is a source of considerable economy, | both in saving of waste and in preventing the rapid wear of the setting. The ash-pan has a constant supply of wa- ter in the bottom, and the radiation from the fire with the dropping of hot coals keeps up a pretty rapidevaporation. This is done for the purpose of keeping the air moist to insure a clean fire, and not from any no- tion that an economy is obtainable by decomposing the water and then burning the gases thus obtained. Whether this is good practice will be easily determined by | experiment. rom the sizes and locations of the flues, it will be observed that every portion of the boiler can be easily reached for inspection without inconvenience. We have had no opportunity of measuring the temperature of the escaping gases from this boiler. That it is low may be inferred from the fact that only 6 feet from the brickwork the smoke- pipe, which is of about No. 10 iron, is so cool that the hand may be laid upon it with- out discomfort. (To be continued.) ee M. Caters, ¥ rench Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, asked the Chamber of De- puties to vote 8,000,000f, for subterranean ters, to prevent a recurrence of such a sus- pension of communication as happened a few days ago. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL, According to the Electrician, Mr. Carré makes CAST IRON MAGNETS by melting soft metal, very slightly carbu- retted, in crucibles, adding 10 to 15 per cent. of steel filings, and running it into molds. If 1 to 1% per cent. of nickel be added to the mixture, and 25 to 30-1000ths of copper, or 2 per cent. of tin, and 5-100ths of copper, the molded iron can be tempered at a cherry red heat. The best result is obtained, how- ever, by tempering pure cast iron at as high a temperature as the molded pieces will stand without distortion or fracture From an article in the Engineer it would appear that the WOOD-CENTERED CAR WHEELS which are used in very large numbers for the passenger cars of English and Continen- tal railways, have been found unequal to the duty enforced upon them by the higher strains due to the use of continuous brakes. Mr. Cleminson, an English engineer, has | sought to render them fit for service under existing circumstances by changing both the construction of the nave and the bars. The ~ > a = < oy e o FIRE DOOR 14” x 28” Fig. 4.— Diagram Showing Arrangement of Water Arch and Connections at Front End of Boiler latter is now made with a number of arms extending to within a short distance of the tire, which do not prevent a close fitting of the wooden segments. He has also im- proved the ordinary method of tire fasten- ing by having the tire formed with a groove for the retaining ring. The main advan- tages claimed for wooden centered wheels are a decreased wear of axle and tire, claims which seem to be borne out by com- parative experiments made in French and German woods. M. Louis Varenne recently examined THE PASSIVITY OF IRON, when employed as the positive pole of a nitric acid battery, or as positive electrode of a voltameter cell containing nitric acid, and concludes that the passive state is due to # film of nitric peroxide which collects upon the surface of the tron and protects it from further chemical action. M. Varenne states that this film is apparent when the surface is examined under the microscope. He finds that the passive state ceases if a stream of carbonic dioxide or of hydrogen is passed through the liquid, and that solution proceeds apace. He also finds that nitric peroxide | gas is evolved from the passive iron when it is placed in vacuo. When, about a year since, Prof. Thomas Alva Edison, ‘‘the Wizard of Menlo Park, N. J.,” was understood to have found the solution of the problem of producing a low- power, cheap electric light, tha public was prepared to accept the assertions of those who claimed to speak for him with much faith. He was entitled to more than a re- spectful hearing, as the man who had in- vented the quadruple telegraph system, a telephone and the phonograph. The won- derful simplicity of the two latter apparatus, and the remarkable results obtained, were due to originality and daring in invention, which undoubtedly place him in the ranks of the great inventors of this century. De- velopments in regard to the EDISON ELECTRIC LIGHT were, therefore, watched with eager inter- est, not alone by those directly or indirectly interested financially, but also by the gen- eral public. As time passed on, however, the promised revolution in lighting was de- On the contrary, | wires between the principal telegraphic cen-| had tumbled both here and in London at the | first announcement, gradually rose again, }aml the clever speculators who hai aided in creating the panic, found ample op portunity to place the stocks which they had bought at low figures at a handsome profit. The public in general, however, after pa- | tiently waiting for many months for the wonders to be submitted for approval and adoption, began to lose faith in the man un der whose name many false and extrava gant rumors and statements had been circu- lated. The daily press continued to publish, from time to time, distorted and ridiculous interviews between Mr. Edison or his assist- ants and reporters, but they were received with little mterest and much suspicion Quite recently the matter has again been revived, and the New York Herald of De cember 21 brings a long illustrated history of Mr. Edison’s work with electric illumina tion which deserves attention, aside from any question of success which it may ul timately lead to. As yet no public proof has been given that the appliances devised are actually likely to practically and com nsercially rival existing systems of illumina- tion, but the history of their develop ment is interesting and characteristic of the man. Edison’s earlier experiments were with platinum incandescence lamps, in which the automatic maintenance of the strength of the current below the point of fusion of the metal was obtained by the expansion of a rod of wire surrounded by the luminous spirals. This was followed by a modifica- tion, the regulation of the current being ef- fected by the movements of a diaphragm acted upon by gas or air inclosed in a ves- sel and heated by the proximity of the light. After this came a device for obtaining more light-giving surface, the pletinum being wound in the form of a small bobbin, first having been covered with a non-conducting coating that was not injured by the heat. With this arrangement a new form of regu- lator was used. The next was a unique idea, making the platinum give the light as it were by proxy. By means of a reflector he concentrated the heat rays of the pla- tinum upon a piece of zircon, causing the latter to become luminous. Mr. Edison then tried the application of the principle of the Geissler tubes without meeting with success. This, it appears, caused him to turn again to incandescence lamps, and it was then that he made his remarkable experiments with the effect of the passage of electric currents of inereasing intensity upon platinum in vacuo, which developed the fact already re- terred to in The Iron Age, that by such treatment the melting point of the metal is very considerably raised. Even this diseov ery, it appears, failed in the inventor’s exper- ience to insure all the elements of success, and we find him turning his attention into new channels. He again returned to car- bon as the best material for an incandes- cence lamp, and found that the most delicate structures, like a charred piece of cotton thread, may serve to produce lights of low candle power. The charred cotton thread or strip of carbonized paper, of horseshoe shape, is inclosed in a little glass globe from which the air is exhausted by means of a vacuum pump and sealed, the wires leading to the dynamo electric machine be- ing attached to each end of{.ths carbon strip orare. The extreme simplicity of this ap- paratus and it< iow cost, certainly meets one of the most important requirements essen- tial to success. How it will stand the test of working beyond the duration of a few days or weeks, and whether it will prove to be able to do what is actually claimed for it, are questions which actual experience and purely authenticated tests alone can prove. Until they have been made we must rest content with admiring Mr. Edison’s versa tility and his fertility of resource. Herr Adler has communicated to the Vienna Photographic Society the details of A NEW COPYING PROCESS, based upon the use of the gelatine plates em- ployed in the apparatus, like the pektograph already described by us. For writing or drawing Herr Adler uses a concentrated solution of alum, to which, in order to ren der the writing or drawing visible upon the paper, a few drops of some aniline color is added. Before laying the writing or draw- ing upon the gelatine surface, pass a damp sponge over the latter, and allow the mois ture to sink in for a few minutes, so as to have a greater effect upon the alum. Then lay the written side downward upon the gelatine, and after the lapse of a few min utes, on removing it the writing will be found reversed and eaten into the gelatine film as if it were engraved. By means of an india-rubber roller a little common print ing ink is spread over the plate and absorbed by the lines sunk by the alum, and again re jected on the application of moisture upon |the paper laid down upon it and smoothed | over it by the flat hand. When removed, | ole paper will have upon it the first impres |sion of the writing or drawing. For each |succeeding impression the plate must be inked, as in lithography, by the india-rubber |roller. A considerable number of impres | sions can be taken, - iia ‘ The Cambria Iron Company, of Johns- town, Pa., have just ordered a second Por- | ter-Allen engine, which is to be a duplicate of the 40 inch by 48 inch engine, lately erected at their works, which is driving |their steel rail train. The Gautier Steel Company have also ordered a second one of layed from week to week ; gas stocks, which | these engines, ‘3 THEH IRON AGE. January 31, 1880. Setals. SHietals. CB ive, exe. gBetat: §. ANSONIA | BRASS & COPPER CO., No. 19 CHiff Street, Phelps Building, NEW YORK. WVifg. Company, MANUFACTURERS OF SHEET and ROLL BRASS and WIRE, “yp MANUFACTURERS OF BRASS AND COPPER’ Waterbury Brass Co, iw WORCESTER, MASS. a hie BO _ CAPE ARn +» EEOC. German Silver and Gilding Metal Js Sheets, Bolts, Rods, Wire, &c, Sheet, Roll and Platers’ Brass, : nay nO el cee Seamless Brass & Copper CERMAR SILVER, Copper Rivets and Burs, ete ade~ ee lees aes 'abing Copper, Brayss and German Silver Wire, Trae Pay 92 Bee = BRAES AND COPPER TUBING, Kerosene Burners, Ansonia Corrue ve Platforms. | : ‘ et : iy a Co ueated Sto : COPPER RIVETS & BURS, Lamp Trimmings, & ¢. | Spree oa PURE COPPER WIRE ‘ ne el Ett for K : 3 1 Covered BRASS KETTLES, 80 Chambers Street, New York oe i: ee Purposes, Bare and Covered. Door Rail, Brass Tags, : a et, I ; ©tosphor Bronze Rods for Pumps, &c. PERCUSSION CAPS, 13 Federal Street, Boston. MANUFACTURERS OF ANSONIA * REFINED POWDER FLASKS, 109 Lake Street, Chicago. d Ste Ww; Metallic Eyelets, Shot Pouches, Tape Measures, &c. Rolling Miil, \ Factories, ron an ee ire, And small Brass Wares of every Description. Cartridge Metal in Sheets or Shells a Specialty. _THOMASTOX, Ct. | WATERBURY, Ct PATEN > Ss S metal BARB FEN CIN G, ole ents tor e . : : atent Steel Wire Bale Ties. Capewell Mfg. Co.’s Line of Sport Bridgeport Brass Co,, aie Operton oF a Putte CoNriN Bus Wo alit Hike 0 41 12- Cut to aay length. PyReT 20g excin nes . ng Iron an in a; ing Goods and Wood’s Paper coils of 100 poun out SRAM or vanized el ‘Sopper ered all Bail ire Hop’, Bridge Wee! iat eet pag Wi, INCOT COPPER. _ PHELPS, DODGE & CO, IMPORTERS OF Shot Shells. MANUFACTURERS OF Annealed Fence ead Grape Wire in long len DEPOTS Miills At string Wire TEN PLATE, J poc'eroadvay, NewYork, warersuny,| Meet and Roll Brass, Pousti ae ate Whe! fue ey i Sk te et ian ROOFING PLATE, | 189 Eddy St, Providence, R.1. Conn. | Brass & Copper Wire & Tubing, | Saetued tng Curso any length "aeeal Crinctine Wire, Patent Linen tui” Unttvated steel Basis WAREHOUSE, 21 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. St. Louis Office, 717 North 2d Street German Silver Metal and Wire, Copper and Iron Rivets. | LAMPS and TRIMMINGS, Sheet Iron, Copper, Pig Tin, Wire, Zinc, &c. MANUFACTURERS OF Manhattan Brass Co., Manufacturers of Sheet Brass, Olmsted Patent Oilers, | OILERS and CUSPADORES, C 0 " e F K A N D B x A S S Brass Wire, Prior Patent Ollers, LANTERNS and TRIMMINGS, | KEROSENE BURNERS, a hy | ooppcr iivets, ‘Brews, Tin de Zine Ollers, | Cltcks & Fly Fan Movements | PLUMBERS! MATERIALS. PLL PP Tt | eee reece Sy CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. Brass Tubing, Brass Butt Hinges, Particular attention paid to cutting out Blanks and LD) 21 LS * R #/ ; _— _ — | Zinc Tubing, Hurricane Lanterns, manufacturing Metal Goods. aR = es HE ip . Ma ° Ww. 7 CS) SCOVILL MFC co Fire Sets, Fenders, &c. Bridgeport, Oona. 19 Sureeg Bin 2 ¥. HE | Pe ae ee Ll) Ls BRASS BLANES & TUBES j RS BR ASS, OF EVERY DESCRIPTION TO ORDER. Harrison Wire Company, HINQES, WIRE, CERMAN SILVER. PHOTOGRAPHIC GOODS. BUTTONS, CLOTH AND METAL. —~> —— ST. LOUIS, MO. Tuos, W. Fitcs, Cuas. Fisz, Prest. and Treas. Secretary. MANUFACTURERS OF All kinds of OFFICE AND WORKS, ist Ave., 27th to 28th St., New York. THE NEW HAVEN COPPER CO., DEPOTS, FACTORIES, #194421 Groome St. N.Y. Waterbury, Com, | 266 Pearl Street, New Vork. | [RON & STEEL WIRE [NATIONAL WIRE & LANTERN WORKS, Warehouse, 45 Fulton St. N.Y. 183 Lake Stu Chlenge == New York City, Manatacturers of and Dealers in AND HOWARD & MORSE DICKERSON, VAN DUSEN & CO., Braziers’ & Sheathin g Wire Mill Specialties. ae of Brass, Copper & Iron Wire Cleth, Locomotive Spark Wire Cloth, oof ; KK n= | Fron Wire Bolting Cloth, Ship and Ratlroad Lanterns, Signal Lights, Conduac- tors’ Lantern, Adjustable Globe Hand Lantern, Desk & Office Raili Riddl Holmes, Booth & Haydens, Coal & Sand Screens, Nursery Fenders & Spark Guards, Ornamental ome oan WATERBURY, CONN. NEW YORK, BOSTON, 49 Chambers st. 18 Federal St. WORKS ROEBLING'S Manufacturers of all kinds of 5 COPPER. Kettle Bottoms, Bolts, Circles, Rivets, Ingot Copper, Spelter, Solder, &c. Tin Plate, Pig Tin, Sheet Iron, Cooper, Wire, Zinc, Etc. 20 & $1 Cliff St., cor. Fulton, DICKERSON & CO., Liverpool, NEW YORK. New York Office Established 1837. Incorporated 13876. WATERBURY MFC. CO., WATERBURY, CONN. Brass and Plated Safety Chains, Brass, Copper & German Silver, | 2ewnon, f wane ROLLED AND IN SHEETS, : ae BRASS & COPPER WIRE, = 117 Liberty Street Tubing, Copper Rivets & Burs. THE JOHN | A ROEBLING’S 3 SONS CO., Brass and Iron Jack Chains, Silvered, Nickeled and Gilt Chains, Bath and Basin Chains, Chisel Handle Ferrules, Brass Nuts and Washers, BRASS & IRON MANUFACTURERS OF rass Machine Screws, ectal Brass Work. ene German Silver Spoons, lron, Steel oa Co Tel j pper | Telegraph Wire, WIRE Manufacturers, oR ; nN. & G. TAYLOR 00... IWiiolecale and Reta, SILVER PLATED FORKS & SPOORS, Hoisting Purposes of all Market Wire, ESTABLISHED 1810. a Kerosene Burners, &c. tends, oe _verries, Stays} . Market Wire, Fence Wire JOHN DAVOL & SONS,|tchimingusasac,ac | Vineyard Wire. | Bucs. Wire? Sprame ware ‘i* TINT PLATES. A specialty for sizes usew ‘the manufactureof} IN, && G. XSAWYLOR Co. Agents for Suspension Bridge Cables. Rivet Wire, &c., &c. Cheese Vats, cheat Sian, mn OE en ae Brooklyn Brass ayd Copper Cov, Cream Pans, eet Tin, Looans: ’ Deal CALVANIZED WIRE CLOTHES LINES. Milk Cans, Sheet Copper Sheet Loud. ae , Ingot Copper, Spelter, Lead, Tin, Cotton Cans, &c. weet Brass, _ Send for our special prices" and list of sizes. ino Wen") ION AND STEEL WIRE ROPE PASSAIG ZING CO,|Per mostme tuning &stanaing Ropes, Feri, ae Manufacturers of Add s, H ARD F : Wi h : . Pure Spelter ress, HAZARD MFG. CO., Wilkesbarre, Luzerne Co., Pa Cartridge Brass, Gas Fixtures, Bronzes J . LLOY D Hi A i G H 4 AND ALL FINE WORK. MANUFACTURER OF apap tere " ig Bessemer Steel al & Iron Wire ASE L Aberty Street, N. Y¥.- Geo. W. Prentiss & Co., HOLYOKE, MASS., MANUFACTURERS OF ABRAM 8. HEWITT, President. JAMES HALL, Treasurer. WM. HEWITT, Vice President. E. HANSON, Secretary. TRENTON IRON COMPANY, (INCORPORATED 1847), TRENTON, NEW JERSEY, MANUFACTURERS OF IRON and STEELWIRE OF ALL CRADES, BRIGHT, ANNEALED, COPPERED, TINNED AND GALVANIZED; Iron and Steel Wire Rods; EXTRA QUALITIES OF BAR IRON AND RODS. Best Qualities of Gun-Screw and Charcoal tron Wire; Crucible, Siemens-Martin and Bessemer Steel Wire. Wire Straightened and Cut to Lengths. Represented in in New York by COOPER, HEWITT & CO. 9 17 ‘Burling = Slip. BRODERICK & BASCOM, IRON STEEL WIRE ROPE. WIRE ROPE. 800 N. Main St. @e Pe) Sts Louis, Mo. ™ a Seater bem, WIRE ROPE FOR “sec ‘Cora"GALVANIZeD WIRE CLOTHES LINES” SUSPENSION BRIDCE CABLES. WIRE ___ Bright, Coppered, anncut, syed, | Wives, Spring, Machinery, Ohain uckle, Also Fence and Vineyard Wire. Galvanized Steel Barb FENCING WIRE, Plain and Twisted, and Staples. Galvanized Telegraph Wire, Patent Tempered Cast Steel Furniture Springs. John 8St., New York. WORKS—South Brooklyn. OFFICES: ; th Lake st, Chicago, iki, Brigh £ Anneaialt ahd Tin right, 8, Rpereds An SCREW WIRE. Of all sizes ‘eiraightened ant —————— to order. GAUTIER % WOOL GRISWOLD, | John Carver, N IRE Manufacturer of ‘CAULKING IRONS, WaA7i RE, Cotton, Freight and Hay Hooks, No, 44 North Third Street, See page 34, TROY, N. ¥. Neat First, BROOKLYN, &. D The Plume & Atwood aol. "aa Mieaacae al Gasca aN & MOEN MANUF A C Tip, & Sec'y ax, SAI The Sc sO I. Stereotyp jmporzers of and all kind Street, betw Ss. 1 P. QO. Box 1 Manufa Hardware Kerosene | i pediate protits é R, SE Dealer Tin Plate w January 1, 1880. © 0. LINDEMANN & CO. Mawofacturers of m Japanned, Brass and Tin-Plated BIRD CAGES. t@” Being the in- ventors and patent- ees of BRIGHT MRTAL Cages, constructed without solder, we are enabled to sell our Brass and Tin- Plated Cages cheap- mer than any other manufacturers. TT RTT || PLL b IE senna 4 Pe EL Rue Wald meme | bh es SoM es 254 Pearl St., NEW YORK. - ce oe boot? - eS CAR YW e& DIODE YT, Marnfactvnrers of STEEL WIRE for all purvoses WO DI LER ELLA LREL ELLE DAE and STEEL SPRINGS of every description. | and others are exposed in their various em | ployments, are the subject of a recent work of | much merit, ‘‘ Hygiene and Public Health,” | | by Albert H. Buck, M. D., from which we a Market steel Wire, Crinoline Wire, tempered and covered, | | | : LLLP LLLLLL LEELA VL RL LAL LALALAAAARAEALA ALAS — —_— a Also Patent Tempered Steel Furniture Spriags, constantly on hand. 934, 236 and 238 West 29th Street, - HK. Hygiene of Occupation. The hygienic dangers to which workmen take the following : It would be impossible to go over the whole ground which an article on this sub- ject should cover, or to give in detail the |} sources of injury which are in each occupa- | tion, A general classification of the em- ployments and their dangers may be made as follows: First, occupations involving the introduction of deleterious matters into the body, either by inhalation or absorption, such as irritating, poisonous or offensive vapors, gases or dust ; second, occupations involving exposure to conditions that interfere with nutrition, such as vicissitudes of weather, artificial heat, the over-use of certain or- NEW YORK, “STANDARD” DRAWER AND DESK LOCKS, CHEAPEST AND MOST POPULAR BRASS DRAWER AND DESK LOCK IN THE MARKET. REAL SIZE. .. Nickel Plated Flat Steel Keys. ALL BRASS, FINELY FINISHED. CONVENIENT AND CHEAP TO APPLY. Key Enters Either Side Up, and Unlocks with a Half Turn. MADE ONLY BY ee THE YALE LOCK MFG. CO,, OFFICE AND WORKS, 53 Chambers St., New York. SAL ESROOMS:} 36 Pearl st., Boston. 506 Commerce St., Philadelphia. bone WIRE RAILING | Wire Works. Ornamental & Co., No. 36 North Heward Mt., Baltimore. Manufacture WIRE RAILING for teries, Balco- nies. Fenders, Cages, ud and Coal Sareea, Woven Wire, [ron Beédsteads, Chairs, ttees, &c. Romer & Co. acturers of Patent Scandinavian or Jail eee for Railroads and ees wing Machine Locks. - — a road Avenue, Newaun, N. J, Illustra Catalogue sent to the trade on appli- cation. S. Bronwpnerm, Seo’y. I. ScHounsera, Pres. The Schoenberg Metal Mfg. Co., Manufacturers of and Dealers in SOLDER, TYPE, Stereotype, Electrotype and Babbitt Metals, Importers of B n, Antimony, &c. lock Ti id Metals ri aid for Old , &e. Highest price p 3 Fast 19¢ 8 and all kinda of ross. 341 aud 3 SAMUEL. 57 Cedar St., N. Y. Ss. te P. Q. Box 1300. Manufacturers’ EXPORT Agent for assware, Classware Hardware, OO DEN WARE, ; Kerosene Goods, Burners, Wicks, Oil. Late Agent for Wm. H. Samue. & Co. Orders sent direct will save the purchaser all inter- profits. R.SELLEW & CO. Dealer in METALS, Tin Plate, Sheet Lron Copper, &¢. SAINI LOVIS. MONITOR TIN STAMFORD, CONN, PLATE WORKS, S54 Clim” Street, New Yori Manufaeturers of LARGE TINNED SHEETS for DAIRY and OTHER PURPOSES, COTTON CANS, and all special sizes, shapes, gauges and qualities, from ro to 40 inches wide, 19 to 96 inghes long. Guaranteed Equal in Every Respect to Best Imported. COND IT, WICK & CO., lron Manufacturers and Merchants, Wholesale Dealers in Sheet, Tank and Plate Iron, Nails, Glass, Horse Shoes, Horse Nails, and other articles of HEAVY HARDWARE, CLEVELAND, OHIO. Feb’y 12, 1879. Pt OLIVER’S PATENT Peerless Tea Kettle, The most durable and handsome kettle in the market, having the breast, sides, and a strengthening portion for the spout all spun from one piege of sheet metal and double- seamed to the pit, so that the seam is broucut under the sides of the kettle, forming a strengthening rib of four thicknesses of metal, at the point of greatest wear, upon which it rests when on the stove. By this means the objections to all other copper kettles are overcome. Sole manufacturers, SUNDRY MFG. CO,, Buffalo, N. Y, Adjustable Bottom Metallic Flour and Meal Sieves. Please to note the advantages the above usefulim for domestic and all other purposes for which Sieves are used. answers fer Sieve Bottoms of all meshes, to suit eve Sieve is needed for. Housekeepers prefer this neat Cullender and Strainer, ail in one. provement possesses One Rim purpose that a and useful Sieve, gans, constrained attitude or sedentary life; third, occupations involving exposure to mechanical violence, either from machi- nery, preventable accidents or variations in atmospheric pressure, Under the first head are included occupa- | tions which expose persons to the vapors, | gases or fumes of ammonia, sulphurous, hy- | ponitric, nitric, hydrochloric and hydroflu- oric acids; the immediate result of which is cough, increased secretion of mucus from the throat and nose, and sometimes lachryma- tion and sneezing. These attacks ultimately develop into chronic catarrhs, eventually producing bronchiectasis and emphysema, | and occasionally spasmodic asthma. Gold- smiths, silversmiths and jewelers are ex- posed to the fumes of hyponitric acid, aris- jing from dipping smail articles of copper into nitric acid, and in treating the ashes of | the ch gu of the shop with mercury, mercurial vapors are generated which en- danger poisoning. The galvanic method of gold and silver-plating evolves hydrogen and affects the health of the air of the work-room, and the constant contact with acids and constrained attitude of the body are further dangers. LElectrotypers suffer from the same influence as electroplaters. Etchers in metal or glass encounter hypo- nitric fumes, which may be confined under a glass case and carried off through a shaft connected with the chimney. Bleachers suf- fer from chlorine gas, but not much. Straw hat-makers inhale more or less sulphurous acid gas. Manufacturers of chemicals take many irritating substances into their bodies, including nitric, sulphuric, oxalic and pioric acids, ammonia and ammonium carbonate, soda, sulphate of quinine and potassium bi- chromate. If the apparatus in soda factor- ies is imperfect, the workmen are anemic, emaciated, weak, and often have hot, dry skins, disphcea and bronchial catarrh. The emanations given off in the manufacture of the sulphate of quinine produce cutaneous eruptions in certain persons, In the manu- facture of potassium bichromate vazors are disengaged which have a peculiar effect upon the nasal mucous membrane of the workmen resulting in the ultimate loss of the sense of smell; only those who use tobacco or snuff being exempt from the affliction. THE POISONOUS GASES which workmen inhale are more or less of carburetted and sulphuretted hydrogen, wercurial, zinc, arsenical and phosphorus fumes, carbon bisulphide, analine, turpen- tine and benzine. These substances may enter the body in other ways than by inhala- tion, as through the skin, being swallowed with food or saliva, or taken up from abraded surfaces. These vapors have a dis- agreeable and disgusting odor, but are not irritating, and may be taken into the lungs with impunity. Gasmen inhale carburetted and sulphuretted hydrogen when there is a leak, but it is rare for them to be injured thereby. Bronchitis is unknown to them, and they are remarkably exempt from all epidemic diseases. Gilding is stiil a danger- ous trade when the old method of fire-gild ing, which is the best, is adhered to, cases of mercury poisoning being frequent. Mir- ror makers also suffer from mercurial pois- ening; women employed at this business are more susceptible than men ; the evil re- sults may be prevented by exposing sulphur in the wash rooms to convert the vapors iuto cinnabar, or by sprinkling the shop with ammunia, or, better still, by giving up mereury altogether, and coating the backs of mirrors with silver, which has been proved to be practicable. Brass founders are liable to a disease called ‘‘ brass foun- ders’ ague,” caused by the mingled fumes of zinc and copper, and which is sought to be prevented by taking large quantities of milk on melting days to act as a prophylactic. Match-making is one of the worst of the danger-beset trades, for the workmen inhale the emanations of phosphorus. This sub- stanoe is formed into a paste with chlorate or nitrate of potash, into which the ends of the matches are dipped. The employees are largely women and children with whom the poisoning assumes a chronicform. Lung diseases are not rare ,among them, gastric catarrh is common, and necrosis or mortifi- cation of the jaws is frequent. This latter disease comes in after four or five years of work, and in 11 or 12 out of every hundred persons exposed to the fumes. Phthisis is common to beginners. Match factories should be roomy and well ventilated, and red or amorphous phosphorus should be used, instead of the white commercial article whose employment results in so much dan- er, Workers in India rubber are exposed to carbon bisulphide vapors, and those who are confined to small, badly ventilated shops, or in cramped rooms at home, as the makers of toy balloons generally are, suffer greatly from headaches, vertigo, anorexia, vomiting and drowsiness. ‘The sight and hearing are impaired, the sexual appetites increase in both sexes, and then diminish, but death has never been observed, the sufferers generally turning to more healthful occupations. Smelters of arsenic and mercury ores suffer from acute poisoning, which result may be avoided by using carefully constructed fur- naces, keeping the body clean, and using astringent mouth washes; laborers in the Also Brass, Copper. Iron and Galvanized Wire Cloth, Moulder’s Riddles | Idria mines consider tobacco chewing a pro- of Brass, Steel and Galvanized Wire, extra heavy, at lew figures. AMERICAN WIRE WORKS, 106 & 108 Beekman St., New York. tection against arsenic. Manufacturers of analine should wear a piece of muslin or sponge, saturated with an alkaline solution, over their mouths to prevent the inhalation jof the deleterious vapors which are given 3 | off in the process. Photographers inhale lether from collodion and vertigo results, ' Cleaners and scourers of cloth inhale benzine }and turpentine vapors, which produce caphalalgia, lassitude and other nervous dis- orders. OFFENSIVE VAPORS. The occupations which have to do with animal matters and offensive odors do not involve destruction of health. On the con- trary, continued exposure to the gases re- | Sults in increased vigor and robust strength for those who had always been sickly. Per- sons who suffer from chronic catarrh and lung troubles are often benefited hy expo- sure in oil factories. ‘The workmen suffer less from cholora, and are less apt to succumb to it when attacked than men in other trades. In 1866 not a tanner was taken down when the cholera visited Breslau, and the same exception was noted among manu- facturers of night soil into poudrette at Montfaucon, near Paris. Indeed, men en- gaged in occupations exposing them to of- fensive odors are, as a rule, strong and healthy, and live longer than the average. Brewers are sometimes dyspeptic and trou- bled with congestion of the bee. Asphyxia occasionally occurs from the carbonic-acid gas generated in the cellars. Butchers, though robust and florid, are exposed to cold and wet, and suffer from rheumatism, constipation and hemorrhoids. Cutaneous eruptions are not uncommon, and they are liable to furuncles and anthrax. Fell- mongers who remove wool from pelts are subjected to the action of lime. Tanners and leather dressers are, as a rule, healthy, but have sores and fissures on their hands, and sometimes, where lime or orpiment is used, arsenical eruptions. In preparing patent leather, lead poisoning may occur. Gut, tripe and head desman do not seem to suffer from the damp to which they are ex- posed, and fat renderers, lard refiners, bone boilers, glue makers, fertilizer makers, pork packers, soap makers, oil pressers and cheese makers appear to be actually bene- fited by their exposure to offensive gases. Scavengers, including men who clean out cesspools, sewers and privy vaults, inhale carbureted hydrogen and carbonic acid and other gases, but sickness and death are rarely traceable to the prosecution of their trades. Sugar refiners are subject to bron- chial and gastric catarrhs on account of the elevated temperature and its sudden varia- tions ; also from eruptions caused by hand- ling impure sugar and molasses. Fullers’ hands are affected by a skin disease caused by the soda and decomposing urine into which they dip new cloth. Hostlers, cow boys and dog fanciers are liable to take glanders, farcy or hydrophobia by contact with obnoxious animal effluvia. Rag pick- ers, who handle the sweepings and filth of a community, expose themselves to diseases whose germs may be latent in the bits of cloth, paper, &c., they pick up. DUST WORKERS are subject to as great and as dangerous ane noyances as those who are exposed to the vapor influences. They inhale particles of dust which are either irritating or poisonous, and phthisis is very common among them, more so than among others belonging to the same social stratum, as has been proved by carefully compiled statistics. In the Aller- Heiligen Hospital at Breslau, from 1859 to 1869, and in the Julius Hospital at Wurz- berg, from 1859 to 1865, there were 12,647 who had worked at dusty occupations, of whom 15.3 per cent. had phthisis. Out of 1110 who had not been exposed to dust, only 13.7 per cent. had phthisis. The per- centage of cases of phthisis among works men who inhale dust is as follows : Metallic Dust—Needle polishers, 69.6 ; file cutters, 62.2; lithographers, 48.5; sieve makers, 42.1; grinders, 40.4; compositors, 36.9; watchmakers, 36.5; type founders, 34.9; engravers, 26.3; dyers, 25; varnish- ers, 25; painters, 24.5; printers, 21.6; belt makers, 19.7; tinkers, 14.1. Mineral Dust—Flint workers, 80; grind- stone makers, 40; stone cutters, 36.4; plas- terers, 19; porcelain makers, 16; potters, 14.7; Carpenters, 14.4; masons, 12.9; dia- mond cutters, 9 ; cement makers, 8.10, Vegetable Duct--Siieae makers, 36.9; weavers, 15; rope makers, 18.9; 1 ian 10.9; bakers, 7; chimney sweeps, 06.5 ; coal miners, 0.8, Animal Dust—Brush makers, 49.1; hair workers, 32.1; upholsterers, 25.9; fellmon- gers, 23.2; turners, 16.2; hatters, 15.5; button makers, 10 Mixed Dust—Glass cutters, makers, 17.8; day laborers, 15.1. No Dust—Shoemakers, 18.7; brewers, 1I.2; coopers, 10.1; glovers, 10; tanners, 9.2; butchers, 7.9. The phthisis which results from dust in- halation differs from phthisis pulmonalis in two important particulars, although its symptoms are simular, It is not hereditary, and if the dangerous occupation be aban- doned, recovery often takes place though the disease be far advanced. Besides phthisis, workmen engaged at the trades given above are subject to other ailments peculiar to their respective toils, but this is the most prominent and most dangerous in the case of irritating particles. Where the dust is poisonous, as in preparations of arsenic, mercury and lead, the three metals whose salts are extensively used in the arts, the injurious substances may be introduced into the system in either of three ways: through the alimentary canal, by eating meals in the work room, through the skin, by absorption, and through the respiratory mucous mem- brane, by inhalation of the dust flying in the air. Where the skin is covere by the poison a local effect is produced, but with this exception these poisons do not in- hale, and their influence is first manifested by signsof general intoxication. When this occurs cessation of work is imperative. There is uo such thing as acclimitization to wet air, and death follows. continued ex- posure. The dangers attending the manu- facture of artificial flowers and colored wall papers, in which arsenical greens are used, are great. Hatters suffer trom mercurial poisoning in using the acid metals of mercury to remove hair from skins. Lead-miners, painters, type-founders and enamelers are liable to lead poisoning. Copperamiths are exposed to ‘‘ copper colic,” which is similar to the lead colic, The methods of preventing diseasce due 35; glase 4 THEH IRON AGE. January 1, 1880. Xton, | eon, to, | vom, sd] - ~NEW YORK, Cl __ NEWYORK. _NEW YORK, ______ PITTSBURGH. PITTSBURGH. i OGDEN & WALLACE, A. B. Warner & Son, John W. Quincy, |W, D, wouy & 0 § _A. G. HATRY, — | 98 William Street, New York. ‘Commission Merchant. GON SST IRON MERCHANTS, 85 $7,89 & 91 ELMST., N. ¥ nthracite & Charcoal Pig Irons, COMMON AND REFINED 19 459 wost and 52 Washington Sts.| wrouht torap, can ones SHEET AND PLATE IRON, BOILER PLATE, | BLOCK TIN, LEAD, SPELTER, ANTIMONY. NICKEL, &e HOOP, BAND AND SCROLL IRON, fod and Horse Shoe Iron, Holler Tubes, Angle, Tee & Girder Iren, HARRISON & GILLOON | Bar, Sheet, Tank, Boiler, Angle, T, and Rallroad Iron, And Railroad Equipment. Nails & Spikes Steel & R. R. Supplies, WINDOW GLASS, GAS PIPE & BORAX. Angle and T Iron, Reller and Tank Rivets. G3 os S a’ — = enitely J Tron, eae Nall Rods, a E sk oy’ for the Pont k IRON AND METAL DEALERS, 7 e = = x : PITTSBURGG. PA. _lron o 8 sizes and shapes mad¢ order, : : . = = ae a ; ureKka @NNOCKS, | *. 50. 56 waren s7., ana 92, 904, 906 CHERRY ST., | ' PATENT = JUNIATA NEW YORK, . f} s“ ‘ ” b ~ PIERSO N & C , ave On hand, and offer for sale, the following: | , Wawasset,” Lukens, yacouen and Amenean die fron, Wrovane cor end! PTanished Sheet [ron. | a Brands of Iron. Alsoail descriptions of Plate, Sheet, acl t Iron: also ola Copper, ‘Composition, Brass, 24 & 26 Broadway, 7/ & 79 New St., and Gasometer Iron. Spectal attention to Locomotive | Lead, Pewter, Zine, & NEW YORK CITY. iron. Fire Box Irom sapecisity. = “PICKS” of all kinds, ROME MERCHANT IRON } MILLS, OXFORD IRON cO., = ESOPUS ” HORSE SHOE IRON, saasstieaerean ete iaiaeeae BEAMS, ANCLES, Bar lron, Bands and Fine Hoops. C ut N ai if & crolls, Ovals, Half Ovals, Sats Roane, hg's supe ae Tees, Channels, Sheets, Plates. |: sents betas aire nad TAS Gebers | uced by hammer. Orders may be sent to the Millor | : All descriptions in stock. to J. O. CARPEN reas our Agent, at 59 John Street, New ork IRON & STEEL. ~~ — SPIKES. oo | ARSHALL LEFFERTS, ABEEL " ABEEL BROTHERS, 90 Beekman St., New York City, Established 1765 by ABKEL & BYVANCK, MANUFACTURER _AND DEALER. 81, 83 and 85 Washington Street, NEW YORK. lron Merchants, galvanized Sheet Iron, —— BURDEN’S Patented March 14th, 1865 ; April 8th, 1873 ; Sept. 9th, 1873; Uct. 6th, 1874; Jam. 11, 1876. Guaranteed fully equal in all respects to the IMPORTED RUSSIA IRON, and at a much less price. FOR SALE, | by all the principal METAL DEALERS In the Large cities throughout THE UNITED STATES. And at their Office, Tg, fo. ad Tn, Pat Co, SNOW SHOES. (B. G. CLARKE, Receiver,) J. S. SCRANTON, Sales Agent, | | | | | 190 South Street and 365 Water, N, Y. “Seer to cae ps The only Snow Shoes in the market that abso- R O N Ist and 2d Qualities. BEST eee CHARCOAL AND) | lutely p prevent all balling and give universal satis- POLISHED SHEET IRON ULSTERI! gaeeatass i, uahcSncd ale afta thei ta a ati te'ezna'ot omaes’| Improved Snow Shoe Shapes. van Nails, G van ze ain, vanize ron n ual an e su 1e@ wants oO Special | damian of all sizes constantly on hand. eC i Also Best Charcoal ' Terne Plates in Speci Standard Sizes. e 1oxX1 2 Horse-Shoe Iron, CORRUGATED SHEET IRON Orders solicited. Inquiries promptly answered. | $6x7-16, veut a See “16, cae "16, AX ress x2 burgh. 2 Common Iron. | For Roofing, &c., Galvanized, Plain or Painted. Works at Demmler ‘\llegheny Co., Pa. | ST EE L TOE CALKS. Band, Hop and Scrol